{"id":10484,"date":"2017-02-02T02:00:53","date_gmt":"2017-02-02T01:00:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.saporedicina.com\/es\/?p=10484"},"modified":"2022-02-03T12:02:26","modified_gmt":"2022-02-03T11:02:26","slug":"bei-construcciones-pasivas-chino","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.saporedicina.com\/es\/bei-construcciones-pasivas-chino\/","title":{"rendered":"\u88ab (b\u00e8i): Las construcciones pasivas en chino"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Construcciones<\/p>\n

En chino<\/a>, la voz activa o pasiva no est\u00e1 necesariamente marcada por un car\u00e1cter en particular. Si hay un sujeto presente en la oraci\u00f3n (que tambi\u00e9n puede ser impl\u00edcito) esta tiene sentido activo; si, en cambio, no hay sujeto aparente, la oraci\u00f3n tiene un sentido pasivo.<\/p>\n

He aqu\u00ed algunos ejemplos:<\/p>\n

Sentido activo (se expresa el sujeto):<\/strong>
\n\u6211\u5f1f\u5f1f\u628a\u521a\u4e70\u7684\u4ed9\u8d1d\u90fd\u5403\u6389\u4e86\u3002
\nW\u01d2 d\u00ecdi b\u01ce g\u0101ng m\u01cei de xi\u0101nb\u00e8i d\u014du ch\u012bdi\u00e0o le.
\nMi hermano peque\u00f1o se ha comido todo el Xianbei reci\u00e9n comprado.<\/p>\n

Sentido pasivo (no se expresa el sujeto):<\/strong>
\n\u521a\u4e70\u7684\u4ed9\u8d1d\u90fd\u5403\u6389\u4e86\u3002
\nG\u0101ng m\u01cei de xi\u0101nb\u00e8i d\u014du ch\u012bdi\u00e0o le.
\nTodo el Xianbei reci\u00e9n comprado ha sido comido.<\/p>\n

Sentido activo (se expresa el sujeto)<\/strong>
\n\u6211\u5988\u5988\u82b1\u4e86\u94b1\u3002
\nW\u01d2 m\u0101ma hu\u0101 le qi\u00e1n.
\nMi madre ha gastado el dinero.<\/p>\n

Sentido pasivo (no se expresa el sujeto):<\/strong>
\n\u94b1\u82b1\u4e86\u3002
\nQi\u00e1n hu\u0101le.
\nEl dinero se ha gastado.<\/p>\n

Sentido activo (se expresa el sujeto)<\/strong>
\n\u5b66\u751f\u5728\u6559\u5ba4\u91cc\u4e0d\u80fd\u7761\u89c9\u3002
\nXu\u00e9sheng z\u00e0i ji\u00e0osh\u00ec l\u01d0 b\u00f9n\u00e9ng shu\u00ecji\u00e0o.
\nLos alumnos no pueden dormir en clase.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sentido pasivo (no se expresa el sujeto)<\/strong>
\n\u5728\u6559\u5ba4\u91cc\u4e0d\u80fd\u7761\u89c9\u3002
\nZ\u00e0i ji\u00e0osh\u00ec l\u01d0 b\u00f9n\u00e9ng shu\u00ecji\u00e0o.
\nNo se puede dormir en clase.<\/p>\n

Sentido activo (se expresa el sujeto)<\/strong>
\n\u6709\u4eba\u628a\u6211\u7684\u623f\u5b50\u706b\u70e7\u4e86\u3002
\nY\u01d2ur\u00e9n b\u01ce w\u01d2 de f\u00e1ngzi hu\u01d2shao le.
\nAlguien incendi\u00f3 mi casa.<\/p>\n

Sentido pasivo (no se expresa el sujeto)<\/strong>
\n\u6211\u7684\u623f\u5b50\u706b\u70e7\u4e86\u3002
\nW\u01d2 de f\u00e1ngzi hu\u01d2shao le.
\nMi casa fue incendiada.<\/p>\n

Sentido activo (se expresa el sujeto)<\/strong>
\n\u4ed6\u628a\u5899\u58c1\u90fd\u6f06\u6210\u7ea2\u8272\u4e86\u3002
\nT\u0101 b\u01ce qi\u00e1ngb\u00ec d\u014du q\u012bch\u00e9ng h\u00f3ngs\u00e8 le.
\n\u00c9l ha pintado todas las paredes de rojo.<\/p>\n

Sentido pasivo (no se expresa el sujeto)<\/strong>
\n\u5899\u58c1\u90fd\u6f06\u6210\u7ea2\u8272\u4e86\u3002
\nQi\u00e1ngb\u00ec d\u014du q\u012bch\u00e9ng h\u00f3ngs\u00e8 le.
\nTodas las paredes han sido pintadas de rojo.<\/p>\n

Las construcciones con el \u88ab (b\u00e8i)<\/h2>\n

La voz pasiva puede enfatizarse mediante una construcci\u00f3n introducida por el car\u00e1cter \u88ab (BEI), que en chino cl\u00e1sico ten\u00eda el significado de \u00abcubrir\u00bb. Las oraciones con \u88ab tienen mucho en com\u00fan con las de \u628a (b\u01ce)<\/a>, por esa raz\u00f3n, suelen explicarse en la misma unidad.<\/p>\n

El verbo, de hecho, suele expresar un cambio o manipulaci\u00f3n que provoca una consecuencia o efecto concreto. La construcci\u00f3n con \u88ab, tambi\u00e9n suele indicar un resultado desagradable o, al menos, contrario a las expectativas. El car\u00e1cter \u88ab, para ayudar en la formulaci\u00f3n de la oraci\u00f3n, puede pensarse como si fuera nuestro \u00abpor\u00bb.<\/p>\n

A continuaci\u00f3n, la estructura de las frases m\u00e1s comunes y algunos ejemplos:<\/p>\n

Paciente + \u88ab (b\u00e8i) + agente (puede omitirse) + Verbo + part\u00edculas o resultado<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u6211\u7684\u670b\u53cb\u5148 \u88ab<\/strong> \u7ecf\u7406\u6279\u8bc4\u4e86\uff0c\u518d \u88ab<\/strong> \u7092\u9c7f\u9c7c\u4e86\u3002
\nW\u01d2 de p\u00e9ngyou xi\u0101n b\u00e8i j\u012bngl\u01d0 p\u012bp\u00edng le, z\u00e0i b\u00e8i ch\u01ceo y\u00f3uy\u00fa le.
\nMi amigo fue primero criticado por el director y luego fue despedido.<\/p>\n

\u4ed6 \u88ab<\/strong> \u6253\u4e86\u4e24\u62f3\u3002
\nT\u0101 b\u00e8i d\u01ce le li\u01ceng qu\u00e1n.
\nLe han dado dos pu\u00f1etazos.<\/p>\n

\u56e0\u4e3a\u610f\u5927\u5229\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8870\u9000\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u90fd \u88ab<\/strong> \u89e3\u96c7\u4e86\u3002
\nY\u012bnw\u00e8i Y\u00ecd\u00e0l\u00ec de j\u012bngj\u00ec shu\u0101itu\u00ec, h\u011bn du\u014d r\u00e9n d\u014du b\u00e8i ji\u011bg\u00f9 le.
\nA causa de la recesi\u00f3n econ\u00f3mica de Italia, muchas personas han sido despedidas.<\/p>\n

\u4ed6\u7684\u94b1\u5305\u88ab\u62ff\u8d70\u4e86\uff0c\u53cd\u800c\u6211\u7684\u6c7d\u8f66 \u88ab<\/strong> \u627e\u5230\u4e86\u3002
\nT\u0101 de qi\u00e1nb\u0101o b\u00e8i n\u00e1z\u01d2u le, f\u01cen’\u00e9r w\u01d2 de q\u00ecch\u0113 b\u00e8i zh\u01ceod\u00e0o le.
\nSu cartera fue robada, mientras que mi coche fue encontrado.<\/p>\n

\u6628\u5929\u665a\u4e0a\u4ed6\u4eec \u88ab<\/strong> \u5173\u5728\u5916\u9762\u4e86\u3002
\nZu\u00f3ti\u0101n w\u01censhang t\u0101men b\u00e8i gu\u0101n z\u00e0i w\u00e0imian le.
\nAyer por la noche fueron encerrados fuera.<\/p>\n

En la lengua hablada, \u88ab puede sustituirse por \u8ba9 (r\u00e0ng) o \u53eb (ji\u00e0o), sin que esto afecte al significado de la oraci\u00f3n. Sin embargo, cuando se usa \u88ab puede omitirse el agente. Con \u8ba9 o \u53eb el agente debe indicarse de forma expl\u00edcita.<\/p>\n

A continuaci\u00f3n, algunos ejemplos:<\/p>\n

\u5927\u767d\u5154\u7cd6\u679c \u8ba9<\/strong> \u674e\u5149\u5934\u548c\u5b8b\u94a2\u5403\u6389\u4e86\u3002
\nD\u00e0b\u00e1it\u00f9 t\u00e1nggu\u01d2 r\u00e0ng L\u01d0 Gu\u0101ngt\u00f3u h\u00e9 S\u00f2ng G\u0101ng ch\u012bdi\u00e0o le.
\nLos toffe \u201cconejo blanco\u201d fueron devorados por Li Cabeza rapada y Song Gang.<\/p>\n

\u4e0b\u96e8\u4e86\u3002\u4e0d\u5e78\uff0c\u6211\u7684\u96e8\u4f1e \u53eb<\/strong> \u670b\u53cb\u501f\u8d70\u4e86\u3002
\nXi\u00e0y\u01d4 le. B\u1ee5\u0300x\u00ecng, w\u01d2 de y\u01d4s\u01cen ji\u00e0o p\u00e9ngyou ji\u00e8 z\u01d2u le.
\nSe ha puesto a llover. Por desgracia, mi paraguas ha sido usado por un amigo.<\/p>\n

Importante: la presencia del car\u00e1cter \u7ed9(g\u011bi) antes del verbo indica que la oraci\u00f3n tiene sentido pasivo aunque \u88ab, \u8ba9 y\/o \u53eb no est\u00e9n presentes.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u90a3\u4e2a\u5c0f\u5077 \u7ed9<\/strong> \u6293\u4f4f\u4e86\u3002
\nN\u00e0ge xi\u01ceot\u014du g\u011bi zhu\u0101zh\u00f9 le.\t\t\t.
\nAquel ladr\u00f3n ha sido capturado.\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\u90a3\u4e2a\u5c0f\u5077 \u88ab\u7ed9<\/strong> \u6293\u4f4f\u4e86\u3002
\nN\u00e0ge xi\u01ceot\u014du b\u00e8i g\u011bi zhu\u0101zh\u00f9 le
\nAquel ladr\u00f3n ha sido capturado.<\/p>\n

\u4ed6 \u7ed9<\/strong> \u8e22\u4e86\u4e09\u811a\u3002
\nT\u0101 g\u011bi t\u012ble s\u0101n ji\u01ceo.
\nLe han dado tres patadas.\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\u4ed6 \u88ab\u7ed9<\/strong> \u8e22\u4e86\u4e09\u811a\u3002
\nT\u0101 b\u00e8i g\u011bi t\u012ble s\u0101n ji\u01ceo.
\nLe han dado tres patadas.<\/p>\n

Las oraciones con sentido pasivo suelen referirse a algo que sucedi\u00f3 en un tiempo pasado. Por ello, si se quiere negar una oraci\u00f3n con sentido pasivo, se utiliza \u6ca1 (\u6709) (m\u00e9i (y\u01d2u)) y no \u4e0d (b\u00f9) como adverbio de negaci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n

\u6ca1 en este caso ir\u00e1 colocado antes de \u88ab, \u8ba9, \u53ebo \u7ed9, y nunca antes del verbo<\/strong> .<\/p>\n

\u6211\u7684\u7238\u7238\u6ca1\u88ab<\/strong>\u8f9e\u804c\u8fc7\u3002
\nW\u01d2 de b\u00e0ba m\u00e9i b\u00e8i c\u00edzh\u00ed guo.
\nMi padre nunca ha sido despedido.<\/p>\n

\u6211\u7684\u4e3b\u5f20\u6ca1\u6709\u88ab<\/strong>\u63a5\u53d7\u3002
\nW\u01d2 de zh\u01d4zh\u0101ng m\u00e9iy\u01d2u b\u00e8i ji\u0113sh\u00f2u.
\nMi propuesta no ha sido aceptada.<\/p>\n

Las construcciones con \u4e3a(w\u00e8i) \u2026 \u6240 (su\u01d2) \u2026<\/h2>\n

Una \u00faltima construcci\u00f3n que indica la voz pasiva es la representada por \u201c\u4e3a(w\u00e8i) \u2026 \u6240 (su\u01d2) \u2026\u201d. Esta estructura se utiliza generalmente en el lenguaje escrito y proviene del chino cl\u00e1sico. <\/p>\n

He aqu\u00ed algunos ejemplos:<\/p>\n

\u4ed6\u7684\u79d8\u5bc6\u4e0d\u4e3a<\/strong>\u4eba\u6240<\/strong>\u53d1\u73b0\u3002
\nT\u0101 de m\u00ecm\u00ec b\u00f9 w\u00e9ir\u00e9n su\u01d2 f\u0101xi\u00e0n.
\nSu secreto no debe ser descubierto por los dem\u00e1s.<\/p>\n

\u5730\u7403\u7684\u8868\u9762\u4e3a<\/strong>\u6d77\u6d0b\u6240<\/strong>\u8986\u76d6\u3002
\nD\u00ecqi\u00fa de bi\u01ceomi\u00e0n w\u00e8i h\u01ceiy\u00e1ng su\u01d2 f\u00f9g\u00e0i.
\nLa superficie de la Tierra est\u00e1 cubierta por oc\u00e9anos.<\/p>\n

\u6211\u4e3a<\/strong>\u574f\u4eba\u6240<\/strong>\u6b3a\u9a97\u4e86\u3002
\nW\u01d2 w\u00e8i hu\u00e0ir\u00e9n su\u01d2 q\u012bpi\u00e0n le.
\nHe sido enga\u00f1ado por malas personas.<\/p>\n

Photo Credits: \"Creative<\/a> Chinese Calligraphy Patterns<\/a> by Sherrie Thai of ShaireProductions<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

En chino, la voz activa o pasiva no est\u00e1 necesariamente marcada por un car\u00e1cter en particular. Si hay un sujeto presente en la oraci\u00f3n (que tambi\u00e9n puede ser impl\u00edcito) esta tiene sentido activo; si, en cambio, no hay sujeto aparente, la oraci\u00f3n tiene un sentido pasivo. He aqu\u00ed algunos ejemplos: Sentido activo (se expresa el […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":27,"featured_media":10603,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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