{"id":10377,"date":"2016-12-13T02:00:41","date_gmt":"2016-12-13T01:00:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.saporedicina.com\/es\/?p=10377"},"modified":"2022-03-03T12:28:26","modified_gmt":"2022-03-03T11:28:26","slug":"particula-%e4%ba%86-gramatica-china","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.saporedicina.com\/es\/particula-%e4%ba%86-gramatica-china\/","title":{"rendered":"El uso de la part\u00edcula \u4e86 (le) en la gram\u00e1tica china"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.saporedicina.com\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2027\/10\/particula-le-gramatica-china.jpg\" title=\"part\u00edcula \u4e86 en la gram\u00e1tica china\" alt=\"part\u00edcula \u4e86 en la gram\u00e1tica china\" width=\"700\" height=\"376\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-12650\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Cong zi wu bi, zhi shi, \u4ece\u5b50\u65e0\u81c2\uff0c\u6307\u4e8b (Del caracter \u00abni\u00f1o\u00bb sin brazos, un s\u00edmbolo abstracto)<\/p>\n<p>Seg\u00fan muchos estudiosos de la lengua china, la part\u00edcula <em>le<\/em> (\u4e86) es una de las part\u00edculas gramaticales chinas m\u00e1s dif\u00edciles de dominar. \u4e86 no es un elemento que represente el tiempo pasado (como muchos piensan); es una part\u00edcula que no tiene un significado o t\u00e9rmino concreto. En t\u00e9rminos de estructura, \u4e86 puede presentarse en dos lugares diferentes dentro de una oraci\u00f3n.  <\/p>\n<h2>Cuando \u4e86representa la acci\u00f3n expresada por el verbo como evento realizado<\/h2>\n<p>\u4e86puede encontrarse inmediatamente despu\u00e9s de un verbo. En esta posici\u00f3n, \u4e86 indica el aspecto perfectivo del verbo o representa la acci\u00f3n expresada por el verbo como evento realizado; este puede estar localizado en el <strong>pasado<\/strong> o en el <strong>futuro<\/strong>. Si el verbo en cuesti\u00f3n es el principal de la frase, significa que la acci\u00f3n se produjo en el pasado.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Pasado<\/strong><br \/>\n\u4ed6\u770b\u4e86\u4e00\u672c\u4e66\u3002<br \/>\nT\u0101 k\u00e0n le y\u012b b\u011bn sh\u016b.<br \/>\n\u00c9l ha le\u00eddo un libro.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Futuro<\/strong><br \/>\n\u5230\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u7ed9\u6211\u5199\u4e00\u5c01\u4fe1\u3002<br \/>\nD\u00e0o le Zh\u014dnggu\u00f3, g\u011bi w\u01d2 xi\u011b y\u012b f\u0113ng x\u00ecn.<br \/>\nCuando llegues a China, escr\u00edbeme una carta.<\/p>\n<h2>Cuando \u4e86representa un cambio de situaci\u00f3n<\/h2>\n<p><strong><!--more--><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Cuando\u4e86 aparece al final de una frase indica un cambio de situaci\u00f3n o una nueva condici\u00f3n. En este caso,\u4e86 se convierte en una <strong>part\u00edcula modal<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0b\u96e8\u4e86\u3002<br \/>\nXi\u00e0 y\u01d4 le.<\/p>\n<p>Se ha puesto a llover (la part\u00edcula \u4e86 implica que antes no llov\u00eda, pero en el momento del enunciado, s\u00ed).<\/p>\n<p>Aqu\u00ed tienes otros ejemplos:<\/p>\n<p>\u4ed6\u7626\u4e86\u3002<br \/>\nT\u0101 sh\u00f2u le.<br \/>\n\u00c9l ha perdido peso.\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<p>\u8f66\u6765\u4e86\u3002<br \/>\nCh\u0113 l\u00e1i le.<br \/>\nHa llegado el autob\u00fas.\t\t\t<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e0d\u8ddf\u4ed6\u8bf4\u8bdd\u4e86\u3002<br \/>\nW\u01d2 ju\u00e9d\u00ecng b\u00f9 g\u0113n t\u0101 shu\u014dhu\u00e0 le.<br \/>\nHe decidido no hablarle m\u00e1s.         <\/p>\n<p>\u522b\u54ed\u4e86\u3002<br \/>\nBi\u00e9 k\u016b le.<br \/>\n No llores m\u00e1s.<\/p>\n<h2>Cuando \u4e86expresa significado de \u201cya\/ahora\u201d<\/h2>\n<p>La part\u00edcula \u4e86 se puede utilizar con adverbios como y\u01d0jing (\u5df2\u7ecf) y d\u014du (\u90fd) (cuando este \u00faltimo se usa con valor de \u00abya\/ahora\u00bb) para expresar en una oraci\u00f3n el sentido de \u201c<strong>ya\/ahora<\/strong>\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>\u90fd\u4e5d\u70b9\u4e86\u3002<br \/>\nD\u014du ji\u01d4 di\u01cen le.<br \/>\nYa son las 9.\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000  <\/p>\n<p>\u4ed6\u5b66\u4e2d\u6587\u5df2\u7ecf\u56db\u5e74\u4e86<br \/>\nT\u0101 xu\u00e9 zh\u014dngw\u00e9n y\u01d0jing s\u00ec ni\u00e1n le.<br \/>\n\t\u00c9l estudia chino desde hace ya cuatro a\u00f1os.<\/p>\n<p>Ten en cuenta que los adverbios y\u01d0jing (\u5df2\u7ecf) y d\u014du(\u90fd) al usarse con valor de \u201cya\/ahora\u201d, pueden omitirse sin afectar al significado de la oraci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n<p>\u4ed6\u4e03\u5341\u5c81\u4e86<br \/>\nT\u0101 q\u012b sh\u00ed su\u00ec le.<br \/>\n\u00c9l ya tiene siete a\u00f1os.<\/p>\n<h2>Cuando \u4e86 se usa en una oraci\u00f3n subordinada y jiu (\u5c31) en la oraci\u00f3n principal<\/h2>\n<p>Cuando el verbo seguido por la part\u00edcula  perfectiva \u4e86 se encuentra en una oraci\u00f3n <strong>subordinada<\/strong>, que depende de la oraci\u00f3n principal,  se entiende que existe una relaci\u00f3n de anterioridad entre la acci\u00f3n expresada en la subordinada y la expresada por el verbo de la oraci\u00f3n principal. Cuando la segunda acci\u00f3n ocurre inmediatamente despu\u00e9s de haberse completado la primera, se usa la part\u00edcula \u4e86 para indicar que esta ha finalizado. <\/p>\n<p>En la oraci\u00f3n principal podr\u00e1 encontrarse el adverbio ji\u00f9 (\u5c31) \u201centonces\u201d para subrayar la continuidad entre ambas acciones. Ji\u00f9 (\u5c31) implica tambi\u00e9n una cierta inmediatez.  <\/p>\n<p>\u770b\u4e86\u4e66\uff0c\u5979\u5c31\u53bb\u7761\u89c9\u3002<br \/>\nK\u00e0n le sh\u016b, t\u0101 ji\u00f9 q\u00f9 shu\u00ecji\u00e0o.<br \/>\nTras haber le\u00eddo, se va a acostar.              <\/p>\n<p>\u770b\u4e86\u4e66\uff0c\u5979\u5c31\u53bb\u7761\u89c9\u4e86\u3002<br \/>\nK\u00e0n le sh\u016b, t\u0101 ji\u00f9 q\u00f9 shu\u00ecji\u00e0o le.<br \/>\n Tras haber le\u00eddo, ha ido a acostarse.<\/p>\n<p>\u4ed6\u5403\u4e86\u996d\u5c31\u8d70\u3002<br \/>\nT\u0101 ch\u012b le f\u00e0n ji\u00f9 z\u01d2u.<br \/>\nDespu\u00e9s de comer, \u00e9l se va.                       <\/p>\n<p>\u4ed6\u5403\u4e86\u996d\u5c31\u8d70\u4e86\u3002<br \/>\nT\u0101 ch\u012b le f\u00e0n ji\u00f9 z\u01d2u le.<br \/>\nDespu\u00e9s de comer, \u00e9l se ha ido.<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u5988\u5988\u5403\u4e86\u996d\u5c31\u5403\u836f\u3002<br \/>\nW\u01d2 m\u0101ma ch\u012b le f\u00e0n ji\u00f9 ch\u012b y\u00e0o.<br \/>\nMi madre come y despu\u00e9s toma la medicina.<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u5988\u5988\u5403\u4e86\u996d\u5c31\u5403\u836f\u4e86\u3002<br \/>\nW\u01d2 m\u0101ma ch\u012b le f\u00e0n ji\u00f9 ch\u012b y\u00e0o le.<br \/>\n Mi madre ha comido y despu\u00e9s ha tomado la medicina.<\/p>\n<p>La construcci\u00f3n con ji\u00f9 \u5c31 puede hacer referencia tambi\u00e9n al <strong>futuro<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>\u4ed6\u4eec\u660e\u5929\u5b66\u4e86\u4e2d\u6587\u5c31\u53bb\u73a9\u3002<br \/>\nT\u0101men m\u00edngti\u0101n xu\u00e9 le zh\u014dngw\u00e9n ji\u00f9 q\u00f9 w\u00e1n.<br \/>\nMa\u00f1ana, despu\u00e9s de haber estudiar chino, ir\u00e1n a divertirse.<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u540e\u5929\u770b\u4e86\u6bd4\u8d5b\u5c31\u5230\u9910\u5385\u53bb\u5403\u996d\u3002<br \/>\nW\u01d2 h\u00f2uti\u0101n k\u00e0n le b\u01d0s\u00e0i ji\u00f9 d\u00e0o c\u0101nt\u012bng q\u00f9 ch\u012b f\u00e0n.<br \/>\nPasado ma\u00f1ana, despu\u00e9s de haber vsito la carrera, ir\u00e9 a comer al restaurante.<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u660e\u5929\u505a\u4e86\u7ec3\u4e60\u5c31\u53bb\u6253\u7bee\u7403\u3002<br \/>\nW\u01d2 m\u00edngti\u0101n zu\u00f2 le li\u00e0nx\u00ed ji\u00f9 q\u00f9 d\u01ce l\u00e1nqi\u00fa.<br \/>\nMa\u00f1ana, cuando haya hecho los ejercicios, ir\u00e9 a jugar al baloncesto.<\/p>\n<h2>La inmediatez de la acci\u00f3n<\/h2>\n<p>Hay construcciones especiales que nos permiten expresar la inmediatez de la acci\u00f3n, es decir, algo que est\u00e1 a punto de suceder:<\/p>\n<p>\u5c31\u8981 (ji\u00f9 y\u00e0o) +  VERBO + \u4e86<br \/>\n\u5feb\u8981 (ku\u00e0i y\u00e0o) + VERBO +\u4e86<br \/>\n\u8981 (y\u00e0o) + VERBO + \u4e86<br \/>\n\u5feb (ku\u00e0i) + VERBO \u4e86<\/p>\n<p>Aqu\u00ed tienes algunos ejemplos: <\/p>\n<p>\u706b\u8f66\u5c31\u8981\u51fa\u53d1\u4e86\u3002<br \/>\nHu\u01d2 ch\u0113 ji\u00f9 y\u00e0o ch\u016bf\u0101 le.<br \/>\nEl tren va a partir.\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<p>\u5feb\u8981\u4e0b\u96e8\u4e86\u3002<br \/>\nKu\u00e0i y\u00e0o xi\u00e0 y\u01d4 le.<br \/>\nVa a llover.<\/p>\n<p>\u4ed6\u5feb\u8981\u5403\u996d\u4e86\u3002<br \/>\nT\u0101 ku\u00e0i y\u00e0o ch\u012b f\u00e0n le.<br \/>\nVa a comer.\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<p>\u5c31\u8981\u4e0b\u96ea\u4e86\u3002<br \/>\nJi\u00f9 y\u00e0o xi\u00e0 xu\u011b le.<br \/>\nVa a nevar.\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<p>\u8981\u653e\u5047\u4e86\u3002<br \/>\nY\u00e0o f\u00e0ngji\u00e0 le.<br \/>\nVan a llegar las vacaciones.<\/p>\n<p>\u5723\u8bde\u8282\u5feb\u5230\u4e86\u3002<br \/>\nSh\u00e8ng d\u00e0n ji\u00e9 ku\u00e0i d\u00e0o le.<br \/>\nVa a llegar la Navidad. \t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<p>\u5c0f\u5b69\u5b50\u4eec\u8981\u54ed\u4e86\u3002<br \/>\nXi\u01ceo h\u00e1izi men y\u00e0o k\u016b le.<br \/>\nLos ni\u00f1os van a ponerse a llorar.<\/p>\n<h2>Cuando la acci\u00f3n se produjo en el pasado<\/h2>\n<p>Cuando se indica que una acci\u00f3n ha ocurrido en el pasado, debemos utilizar m\u00e9i (\u6ca1),  sin la part\u00edcula \u4e86, como se ha visto en los ejemplos anteriores.  M\u00e9i (\u6ca1)  es, adem\u00e1s, el \u00fanico adverbio que puede negar el verbo y\u01d2u (\u6709)  \u201chaber\/tener\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u6ca1\u6709\u4e66\u3002<br \/>\nZ\u00e0i zh\u00e8l\u01d0 m\u00e9i y\u01d2u sh\u016b.<br \/>\nAqu\u00ed no hay libros. \t\t\t<\/p>\n<p>\u4ed6\u6ca1\u6709\u94b1\u3002<br \/>\nT\u0101 m\u00e9i y\u00f3u qi\u00e1n.<br \/>\n\u00c9l no tiene dinero.<\/p>\n<p>Cuando y\u01d2u (\u6709) va negado por m\u00e9i (\u6ca1) , asumiendo as\u00ed el valor de \u201cno tener\/haber\u201d, se puede omitir y\u01d2u\u6709.<\/p>\n<p>\u4ed6\u6ca1\u94b1\u3002<br \/>\nT\u0101 m\u00e9i qi\u00e1n.<br \/>\n\u00c9l no tiene dinero.\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<p>\u4ed6\u6ca1\u94b1\u4e86\u3002<br \/>\nT\u0101 m\u00e9i qi\u00e1n le.<br \/>\n\u00c9l no tiene m\u00e1s dinero.<\/p>\n<h2>Curiosidades<\/h2>\n<p>Seg\u00fan algunos estudiosos, la part\u00edcula \u4e86 proviene del car\u00e1cter Liao (\u4e86) que significa \u00abterminar, concluir\u00bb y de la palabra de dos s\u00edlabas Liao Jie (\u4e86\u7ed3), que significa \u00abllevar a su fin, concluir, terminar\u00bb y tambi\u00e9n \u00abestar muerto\u00bb.<\/p>\n<p>Aunque estos caracteres (con esta funci\u00f3n) han quedado obsoletos, vale la pena mencionarlo porque es probable que la funci\u00f3n actual de \u4e86 provenga de estos antiguos significados: marcar el aspecto perfectivo del verbo, es decir, el aspecto realizado: (y por tanto <strong>completado<\/strong>) del verbo.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"credits\">Photo Credits: <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/2.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.saporedicina.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/icon\/cc.png\" alt=\"Creative Commons License\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\"\/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/ilamont\/4328610031\/in\/photolist-7AvfXr-GTeq2v-fvCjJE-fvkSp8-gcM7gs-fvue3g-hcCf3Y-n1R5cr-GQcQay-pWfpN2-74wuwa-jhaQQU-E41e3Z-nxvofT-fvMQmj-fvymjb-cVfH4u-fThSdt-kyt8VA-GTep86-hAj7CN-djY1Fy-9mq6vn-qsQUJ8-bz6Zvc-gcM7dS-nYRgdN-cQKPFJ-8Pvzdh-cQKYJY-95njC3-dyvgm6-9zbqXi-n6n5AP-m6oMb2-6FiHWF-dEbHpx-fvymmm-Zj6yo8-46EE3s-fTfuPj-odne4W-gevw4z-fFW1R5-fvue1r-fvymhC-9zcRgT-YXxZvC-fAHYxr-fvudXa\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Chinese character dictionary<\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/ilamont\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Ian Lamont<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Cong zi wu bi, zhi shi, \u4ece\u5b50\u65e0\u81c2\uff0c\u6307\u4e8b (Del caracter \u00abni\u00f1o\u00bb sin brazos, un s\u00edmbolo abstracto) Seg\u00fan muchos estudiosos de la lengua china, la part\u00edcula le (\u4e86) es una de las part\u00edculas gramaticales chinas m\u00e1s dif\u00edciles de dominar. \u4e86 no es un elemento que represente el tiempo pasado (como muchos piensan); es una part\u00edcula que no [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":27,"featured_media":10448,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[321,17],"class_list":["post-10377","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-aprender-chino","tag-learn-chinese-sidebar","tag-aprender-chino"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>El uso de la part\u00edcula \u4e86 (le) en la gram\u00e1tica china<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Este art\u00edculo est\u00e1 dedicado a uno de los puntos gramaticales de mandar\u00edn m\u00e1s complejos: la part\u00edcula \u4e86 (le) y todos sus usos.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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