{"id":16155,"date":"2018-01-04T03:00:45","date_gmt":"2018-01-04T02:00:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.saporedicina.com\/english\/?p=16155"},"modified":"2022-02-04T20:19:54","modified_gmt":"2022-02-04T19:19:54","slug":"topic-comment-structure-chinese","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.saporedicina.com\/english\/topic-comment-structure-chinese\/","title":{"rendered":"The Topic-Comment Structure and the Direct and Indirect Objects in Chinese"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"topic-comment<\/p>\n

The topic-comment structure<\/h2>\n

The topic-comment structure is perhaps one of the most difficult peculiarities of the Chinese language <\/a> to master for those who aren’t Chinese. <\/p>\n

In short, the Chinese phrase can also be structured according to a sequence that is conventionally called “topic-comment”. The topic, located at the initial position of the phrase, is a name or defined noun syntagm that can be named before; the comment is the statement that follows which says something about the topic. The comment, usually, follows the syntactic order SVO, where S is for subject, V is for verb and O is for object. <\/p>\n

What divides the topic from the comment? Usually in the written form of the language, there’s a comma inserted between the topic and comment for a pause; but in the spoken language we can find (though it isn’t obligatory) one of these modal particles: \u554a (a); \u5462 (ne); \u5427 (ba).<\/p>\n

Let’s look at a few examples:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Topic:
\n\u8fd9\u5bb6\u9910\u5385\uff0c
\n\t\t\t\tZh\u00e8 ji\u0101 c\u0101nt\u012bng,
\n\t\t\t\tIn this restaurant,<\/p>\n

Comment:
\n\u670d\u52a1\u5f88\u597d\u3002
\n\t\t\t\tf\u00faw\u00f9 h\u011bn h\u01ceo.
\n\t\t\t\tthe service is good.<\/p>\n

Topic:
\n\u738b\u5c0f\u59d0\uff0c
\n\t\t\t\tW\u00e1ng xia\u01d2ji\u011b,
\n\t\t\t\tMiss Wang,<\/p>\n

Comment:
\n\u6211\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5979\u3002
\n\t\t\t\tw\u01d2 r\u00e8nshi t\u0101.
\n\t\t\t\tI know her.<\/p>\n

Topic:
\n\u738b\u5c0f\u59d0\uff0c
\n\t\t\t\tW\u00e1ng xia\u01d2ji\u011b,
\n\t\t\t\tMiss Wang,<\/p>\n

Comment:
\n\u5979\u8ba4\u8bc6\u6211\u3002
\n\t\t\t\tt\u0101 r\u00e8nshi w\u01d2.
\n\t\t\t\tknows me.<\/p>\n

Topic:
\n\u90a3\u672c\u4e66\uff0c
\n\t\t\t\tN\u00e0 b\u011bn sh\u016b,
\n\t\t\t\tThat book,<\/p>\n

Comment:
\n\u6211\u60f3\u770b\u3002
\n\t\t\t\tw\u01d2 xi\u01ceng k\u00e0n.
\n\t\t\t\tI want to read it.<\/p>\n

Topic:
\n\u540e\u5929\uff0c
\n\t\t\t\tH\u00f2uti\u0101n,
\n\t\t\t\tThe day after tomorrow, <\/p>\n

Comment:
\n\u4ed6\u4e0d\u6765\u3002
\n\t\t\t\tt\u0101 b\u00f9 l\u00e1i.
\n\t\t\t\the won’t be coming.<\/p>\n

Topic:
\n\u90a3\u4f4d\u5148\u751f\uff0c
\n\t\t\t\tN\u00e0 w\u00e8i xi\u0101nsheng,
\n\t\t\t\tThat man,<\/p>\n

Comment:
\n\u4e0d\u662f\u8001\u5e08\uff0c\u662f\u5927\u592b\u3002
\n\t\t\t\tb\u00f9 sh\u00ec laosh\u012b, sh\u00ec d\u00e0ifu.
\n\t\t\t\tisn’t a teacher, but a doctor.<\/p>\n

Topic:
\n \t\t\t\u90a3\u4f4d\u8001\u5e08\uff0c
\n\t\t\t\tN\u00e0 w\u00e8i la\u01d2sh\u012b,
\n\t\t\t\tThat professor,<\/p>\n

Comment:
\n \t\t\u6211\u5f88\u559c\u6b22\u4ed6\u7684\u8863\u670d\u3002
\n\t\t\t\tw\u01d2 h\u011bn x\u01d0huan t\u0101 de y\u012bfu.
\n\t\t\t\tI like his suits.<\/p>\n

The adverb \u90fd (d\u014du)<\/h2>\n

Speaking of the topic-comment structure, I can’t help but mention the adverb<\/a> \u90fd (d\u014du), an adverb that has multiple uses and meanings.<\/p>\n

In this place, we’re interested in \u90fd as an adverb, which is put immediately before the verb <\/a>and is generally translated as “all”, with the purpose of referring to something mentioned earlier. <\/p>\n

\u90fd (d\u014du) is often found inserted in the comment to refer to something that was mentioned in the topic:<\/p>\n

\u82f9\u679c\u548c\u67e0\u6aac\uff0c\u6211\u90fd\u559c\u6b22\u3002
\nP\u00ednggu\u01d2 h\u00e9 n\u00edngm\u00e9ng, w\u01d2 d\u014du x\u01d0huan.
\nApples and lemons, (all) I like them.<\/p>\n

\u90a3\u4e9b\u4e66\uff0c\u6211\u90fd\u559c\u6b22\u770b\u3002
\nN\u00e0 xi\u0113 sh\u016b, w\u01d2 d\u014du x\u01d0huan k\u00e0n.
\nThose books, I like them all (to read).<\/p>\n

\u67e0\u6aac\u3001\u82f9\u679c\u3001\u6a31\u6843\uff0c\u6211\u90fd\u559c\u6b22\u5403\u3002
\nN\u00edngm\u00e9ng, p\u00ednggu\u01d2, y\u012bngt\u00e1o, w\u01d2 d\u014du x\u01d0huan ch\u012b.
\nLemons, apples, cherries, I like them all (to eat).<\/p>\n

\u65e5\u672c\u3001\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u6211\u90fd\u60f3\u53bb\u3002
\nR\u00ecb\u011bn, zh\u014dnggu\u01d2, w\u01d2 d\u014du xi\u01ceng q\u00f9.
\nJapan, China, I want to go to all of them.<\/p>\n

\u90fd can also refer to an object that can be ommitted:<\/p>\n

\u6211\u4eec\u90fd\u559c\u6b22\u3002
\nW\u01d2men d\u014du x\u01d0huan.
\nWe all like it.\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\u6211\u90fd\u61c2\u3002
\nW\u01d2 d\u014du d\u01d2ng.
\nI understand all of it.\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\u6211\u90fd\u5403\u3002
\nW\u01d2 d\u014du ch\u012b.
\nI eat everything.<\/p>\n

Moreover, \u90fd can be preceded or followed by the negating adverb. According to its position in the phrase, the meaning changes:<\/p>\n

\u6211\u90fd\u4e0d\u61c2\u3002
\nW\u01d2 d\u014du b\u00f9 d\u01d2ng.
\nI don’t understand anything.\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\u6211\u4e0d\u90fd\u61c2\u3002
\nW\u01d2 b\u00f9 d\u014du d\u01d2ng.
\nI don’t understand anything.<\/p>\n

\u6211\u4eec\u90fd\u4e0d\u53bb\u3002
\nW\u01d2men d\u014du b\u00f9 q\u00f9.
\nNone of us go.\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u90fd\u53bb\u3002
\nW\u01d2men b\u00f9 d\u014du q\u00f9.
\nNot all of us go.<\/p>\n

\u4ed6\u4eec\u90fd\u4e0d\u5fd9\u3002
\nT\u0101men d\u014du b\u00f9 m\u00e1ng.
\nNone of them are busy. \t\t<\/p>\n

\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u90fd\u5fd9\u3002
\nT\u0101men b\u00f9 d\u014du m\u00e1ng.
\nNot all of them are busy.<\/p>\n

After all that was said above, you might be asking why you’d use the topic-comment structure? It’s simple: you need to focus the listener’s attention on something in particular! <\/p>\n

The direct and indirect object<\/h2>\n

Chinese is a language of the SVO type, or subject \u2013 verb \u2013 object. Nevertheless, in Chinese the objects fall into two distinct types: the direct object and indirect object.<\/p>\n

The direct object is the noun that undergoes an effect on the part of a verb or is created by the action of a verb. The direct object generally follows the verb on which it depends or is created by it:<\/p>\n

\u6211\u5403\u82f9\u679c\u3002
\nW\u01d2 ch\u012b p\u00ednggu\u01d2.
\nI eat the apple.<\/p>\n

\u5979\u770b\u62a5\u7eb8\u3002
\nT\u0101 k\u00e0n b\u00e0ozh\u01d0.
\nShe reads the newspaper.<\/p>\n

\u72d7\u54ac\u732b\u3002
\nG\u01d2u y\u01ceo m\u0101o.
\nDogs bite cats.<\/p>\n

As you can see in the examples listed above, the direct objects (the apple, the newspaper and the cats) undergo an effect on the part of the verb placed immediately before it: the apple is eaten, the newspaper gets read and the cats get bitten.<\/p>\n

When a monosyllabic verb is used to represent a generic action (to read, to eat, to sleep) and not an action directed to an end, it must be immediately followed by an apparent object (the conventional name considered most compatible for a determined verb). <\/p>\n

If you specify the object of our action (read the newspaper, eat the apple), you substitute the apparent object with the definite object of our action (newspaper, apple, and so on).<\/p>\n

For example in the case of \u770b (k\u00e0n), “to read”, \u4e66 (sh\u016b), “book” is the apparent object of “to read”.<\/p>\n

The indirect object indicates the recipient or beneficiary of the action produced by the verb and precedes the direct object in any case. The direct object includes verbs that are conventionally called dative verbs because they are close to those that in “Western” languages are the complement of the term:<\/p>\n

\u6211\u7ed9\u4ed6\u4e00\u672c\u4e66\u3002
\nW\u01d2 g\u011bi t\u0101 y\u012b b\u011bn sh\u016b.
\nI give him a book.<\/p>\n

Here are the main dative verbs:<\/p>\n

\u6559 (ji\u0101o) \u201cto teach\u201d:\t\t<\/p>\n

\u6211\u6559\u4f60\u4eec\u4e2d\u6587\u3002
\nW\u01d2 ji\u0101o n\u01d0men zh\u014dngw\u00e9n.
\nI teach you Chinese.<\/p>\n

\u95ee (w\u00e8n)\u201cto ask\u201d: \t\t<\/p>\n

\u95ee\u4ed6\u8def\u3002
\nW\u00e8n t\u0101 l\u00f9.
\nAsk him the road.<\/p>\n

\u8fd8 (hu\u00e1n) \u201cto give back\u201d:\t\t<\/p>\n

\u8fd8\u6211\u90a3\u672c\u4e66\u3002
\nHu\u00e1n w\u01d2 n\u00e0 b\u011bn sh\u016b.
\nGive me back that book.<\/p>\n

\u9001 (s\u00f2ng)\u201cto give\u201d:\t\t<\/p>\n

\u6211\u9001\u5988\u5988\u4e00\u672c\u4e66\u3002
\nW\u01d2 s\u00f2ng m\u0101ma y\u012b b\u011bn sh\u016b.
\nI give my mom a book.<\/p>\n

\u544a\u8bc9 (g\u00e0osu) \u201cto inform\u201d:\t<\/p>\n

\u5979\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\u4ed6\u4e0d\u6765\u3002
\nT\u0101 g\u00e0osu w\u01d2 t\u0101 b\u00f9 l\u00e1i.
\nShe told me that he isn’t coming.<\/p>\n

\u6b20 (qi\u00e0n) \u201cto be in debt\u201d:\t<\/p>\n

\u4ed6\u6b20\u6211\u4e24\u6b27\u5143\u3002
\nT\u0101 qi\u00e0n w\u01d2 li\u01ceng \u014duyu\u00e1n.
\nHe owes me two euros.<\/p>\n

\u501f (ji\u00e8) \u201cto lend\u201d:\t\t<\/p>\n

\u6211\u501f\u4ed6\u4e00\u672c\u4e66\u3002
\nW\u01d2 ji\u00e8 t\u0101 y\u012b b\u011bn sh\u016b.
\nI lent him a book.<\/p>\n

\u901a\u77e5 (t\u014dngzh\u012b) \u201ccommunicate\u201d:\t<\/p>\n

\u4ed6\u901a\u77e5\u6211\u4ed6\u4e0d\u53bb\u3002
\nT\u0101 t\u014dngzh\u012b w\u01d2 t\u0101 b\u00f9 q\u00f9.
\nHe told me that he isn’t coming.<\/p>\n

Note that the character \u7ed9 (g\u011bi) which we saw as \u201cto give to\u201d, in Chinese can introduce the beneficiary of the action by assuming the value of “to” or “for”:<\/p>\n

\u6211\u7ed9\u5988\u5988\u4e70\u4e86\u4e00\u672c\u4e66\u3002(corretta)
\nW\u01d2 g\u011bi m\u0101ma m\u01cei le y\u012b b\u011bn sh\u016b.
\nI bought a book for my mother. <\/p>\n

\u6211\u4e70\u4e86\u5988\u5988\u4e00\u672c\u4e66\u3002(sbagliata)
\nW\u01d2 m\u01cei le m\u0101ma y\u012b b\u011bn sh\u016b.
\n[This phrase is incorrect].<\/p>\n

\u6211\u7ed9\u5988\u5988\u5199\u4e86\u4e00\u5c01\u4fe1\u3002(corretta)
\nW\u01d2 g\u011bi m\u0101ma xi\u011b le y\u012b f\u0113ng x\u00ecn.
\nI wrote a letter to my mom.<\/p>\n

\u6211\u5199\u4e86\u5988\u5988\u4e00\u5c01\u4fe1\u3002(sbagliata)
\nW\u01d2 xi\u011b le m\u0101ma y\u012b f\u0113ng x\u00ecn.
\n[This phrase is incorrect].<\/p>\n

Photo Credits: \"Creative<\/a> TPE Taoyuan International Airport<\/a> by Thank You (22 Millions+) views<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The topic-comment structure The topic-comment structure is perhaps one of the most difficult peculiarities of the Chinese language to master for those who aren’t Chinese. In short, the Chinese phrase can also be structured according to a sequence that is conventionally called “topic-comment”. The topic, located at the initial position of the phrase, is a […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":31,"featured_media":16167,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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