{"id":16001,"date":"2017-12-21T03:00:53","date_gmt":"2017-12-21T02:00:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.saporedicina.com\/english\/?p=16001"},"modified":"2022-02-04T10:25:11","modified_gmt":"2022-02-04T09:25:11","slug":"directional-complements-verbs-prepositions-chinese","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.saporedicina.com\/english\/directional-complements-verbs-prepositions-chinese\/","title":{"rendered":"Directional complements, verbs and prepositions in the Chinese language"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"directional<\/p>\n

Directional verbs<\/h2>\n

In Chinese, to express movement there are essentially two ways of doing so:<\/p>\n

1. Introducing the place with a preposition (state, movement, and so on), to then insert the appropriate movement verb:<\/p>\n

Preposition + place + movement<\/strong><\/p>\n

Here are a few examples: <\/p>\n

\u6211\u5230\u4e2d\u56fd\u53bb\u3002
\nd\u00e0o zh\u014dnggu\u00f3 q\u00f9.
\nI go to China.\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\u4f60\u5230\u54ea\u513f\u53bb\u4e86\uff1f
\nN\u01d0 d\u00e0o n\u01cer q\u00f9le?
\nWhere did you go?<\/p>\n

2. The directional verb can be followed directly by the place, without needing a preposition:<\/p>\n

directional verb + place<\/strong><\/p>\n

Here are a few examples:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u6211\u53bb\u4e2d\u56fd\u3002
\nW\u01d2 q\u00f9 zh\u014dnggu\u00f3.
\nI go to China.\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\u4f60\u53bb\u54ea\u513f\u4e86\uff1f
\nN\u01d0 q\u00f9 n\u01cer le?
\nWhere did you go?<\/p>\n

The main directional verbs are reported below:<\/p>\n

\u6765 (l\u00e1i) \u201cto come to\u201d; \u53bb (q\u00f9) \u201cto go\u201d; \u4e0a (sh\u00e0ng) \u201cto go up on\u201d; \u4e0b (xi\u00e0) \u201cto go down from\u201d; \u5230 (d\u00e0o) \u201cto arrive at\u201d.<\/p>\n

Directional prepositions<\/h2>\n

The main directional prepositions however are listed here:<\/p>\n

\u5230 (d\u00e0o) \u201cto, towards\u201d[motion]; \u4ece(c\u00f3ng) \u201cfrom\u201d [motion]; \u5728(z\u00e0i) \u201cin, to be in\u201d [state]; \u5f80 (w\u01ceng) \u201ctoward\u201d [motion]; \u5230 (d\u00e0o) \u201cto, toward\u201d [motion towards].<\/p>\n

Here are a few examples: <\/p>\n

\u6211\u4ece\u610f\u5927\u5229\u6765\u3002
\nW\u01d2 c\u00f3ng y\u00ecd\u00e0l\u00ec l\u00e1i.
\nI come from Italy. <\/p>\n

\u6211\u5728\u5bb6\u5b66\u4e60\u3002
\nW\u01d2 z\u00e0i ji\u0101 xu\u00e9x\u00ed.
\nI study at home.<\/p>\n

\u6211\u4eec\u5f80\u5317\u53bb\u3002
\nW\u01d2men w\u01ceng b\u011bi q\u00f9.
\nWe go to the north. <\/p>\n

\u5979\u5230\u4e2d\u56fd\u53bb\u3002
\nT\u0101 d\u00e0o Zh\u014dnggu\u00f3 q\u00f9.
\nShe is going to China.<\/p>\n

The character \u5728 <\/h2>\n

The character \u5728 (z\u00e0i) can be used both as a verb \u201cto be in\/ to find oneself in\u201d and as a preposition \u201cin\/at\u201d which can introduce a place where one does something or where you can find someone or something. Let’s see some examples:<\/p>\n

\u5728 (verb): <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u6211\u5728\u5bb6\u3002
\nW\u01d2 z\u00e0i ji\u0101.
\nI’m at home.\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\u5979\u5728\u5417\uff1f
\nT\u0101 z\u00e0i ma?
\nIs she there?<\/p>\n

\u5979\u4e0d\u5728\u3002
\nT\u0101 b\u00f9 z\u00e0i.
\nShe isn’t there.<\/p>\n

\u5979\u5728\u5b66\u6821\u5417\uff1f
\nT\u0101 z\u00e0i xu\u00e9xi\u00e0o ma?
\nI she at school?<\/p>\n

\u5728 (preposition): <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u6211\u5728\u5bb6\u5b66\u4e60\u3002
\nW\u01d2 z\u00e0i ji\u0101 xu\u00e9x\u00ed.
\nI study at home.
\n\u6211\u5728\u897f\u897f\u91cc\u4f4f\u3002
\nW\u01d2 z\u00e0i x\u012bx\u012bl\u01d0 zh\u00f9.
\nI live in Sicily.<\/p>\n

\u4ed6\u5728\u98df\u5802\u5403\u996d\u3002
\nT\u0101 z\u00e0i sh\u00edt\u00e1ng ch\u012bf\u00e0n.
\nHe eats in the cafeteria.<\/p>\n

\u6211\u7684\u670b\u53cb\u5728\u5bb6\u91cc\u770b\u7535\u89c6\u3002
\nW\u01d2 de p\u00e9ngyou z\u00e0i ji\u0101 l\u01d0 k\u00e0n di\u00e0nsh\u00ec.
\nMy friend watches television at home.<\/p>\n

Complements<\/h2>\n

Complements are characters that are put right after a noun to indicate the spacial coordinates (above, below, behind, in front of, to the right, to the left). Keep in mind that complements go right after what they are referring to.<\/p>\n

Let’s look at a brief list of the complements that are most used:<\/p>\n

\u4e0a (sh\u00e0ng) \u201cabove\u201d; \u4e0b (xi\u00e0) \u201cbelow\u201d; \u524d\u8fb9 (qi\u00e1nbian) \u201cin front of\u201d; \u540e\u8fb9 (h\u00f2u bian) \u201cbehind\u201d; \u91cc (l\u01d0) \u201cinside\u201d; \u5916 (w\u00e0i) \u201coutside\u201d; \u5de6 (zu\u01d2) \u201cleft\u201d; \u53f3 (y\u00f2u) \u201cright\u201d.<\/p>\n

Here are a few examples: <\/p>\n

\u5728\u684c\u5b50\u4e0a\u6709\u4e24\u672c\u4e66\u3002
\nZ\u00e0i zhu\u014dzi sh\u00e0ng y\u01d2u li\u01ceng b\u011bn sh\u016b.
\nThere are two books on the table.\t<\/p>\n

\u5728\u5b66\u6821\u540e\u8fb9\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u4eba\u3002
\nZ\u00e0i xu\u00e9xi\u00e0o h\u00f2ubian y\u01d2u li\u01ceng ge r\u00e9n.
\nThere are two people behind the school.<\/p>\n

\u5728\u6811\u4e0b\u6709\u4e24\u53ea\u732b\u3002
\nZ\u00e0i sh\u00f9 xi\u00e0 y\u01d2u li\u01ceng zh\u012b m\u0101o.
\nThere are two cats under the tree.\t<\/p>\n

\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u53f3\u8fb9\u662f\u4ed6\u5988\u5988\u3002
\nZ\u00e0i t\u0101 de y\u00f2u bian sh\u00ec t\u0101 m\u0101ma.
\nHer mom is on her right.<\/p>\n

In location constructions, \u5728 can also be omitted:<\/p>\n

\u684c\u5b50\u4e0a\u6709\u6211\u7684\u94a2\u7b14\u3002
\nZhu\u014dzi sh\u00e0ng y\u01d2u w\u01d2 de g\u0101ngb\u01d0.
\nMy pen is on the table.<\/p>\n

In location constructions, \u5728 can also be used as a verb:<\/p>\n

\u6211\u7684\u94a2\u7b14\u5728\u684c\u5b50\u4e0a\u3002
\nW\u01d2 de g\u0101ngb\u01d0 z\u00e0i zhu\u014dzi sh\u00e0ng.
\nMy pen is on the table.\t\t<\/p>\n

\u6211\u7684\u4e66\u5728\u4e66\u684c\u4e0a\u3002
\nW\u01d2 de sh\u016b z\u00e0i sh\u016bzhu\u014d sh\u00e0ng.
\nMy books are on the table.<\/p>\n

The distance complement<\/h2>\n

This complement indicates the distance between places, things and people. For this complement the character \u79bb (l\u00ed) is vitally important, and can be translated as \u201cfrom\u201d or as \u201cto leave, to leave from\u201d.<\/p>\n

Here is the structure of the phrase: <\/p>\n

Place A\u79bb (l\u00ed) Place B\u5f88\u8fdc (h\u011bn yu\u01cen) (Place A is far from Place B)<\/p>\n

Place A\u79bb (l\u00ed) Place B\u5f88\u8fd1 (h\u011bn j\u00ecn) (Place A is close to Place B)<\/p>\n

Let’s look at a few examples: <\/p>\n

\u5b66\u6821\u79bb\u57ce\u5e02\u5f88\u8fdc\u3002
\nXu\u00e9xi\u00e0o l\u00ed ch\u00e9ngsh\u00ec h\u011bn yu\u01cen.
\nThe school is far from the city.<\/p>\n

\u82f9\u679c\u79bb\u68a8\u5b50\u5f88\u8fd1\u3002
\nP\u00ednggu\u01d2 l\u00ed l\u00edzi h\u011bn j\u00ecn.
\nThe apple is close to the pear.<\/p>\n

\u706b\u8f66\u7ad9\u79bb\u5b66\u6821\u5f88\u8fd1\u5417\uff1f\u4e0d\uff0c\u5f88\u8fdc\u3002
\nHu\u01d2ch\u0113 zh\u00e0n l\u00ed xu\u00e9xi\u00e0o h\u011bn j\u00ecn ma?\tB\u00f9, h\u011bn yu\u01cen.
\nIs the station close to the school? No, it’s far.<\/p>\n

To indicate the specific distance you need to use \u6709 (y\u01d2u) \u201cto have\/there’s\u201d:<\/p>\n

\u5b66\u6821\u79bb\u56fe\u4e66\u9986\u6709\u4e09\u7c73\u3002
\nXu\u00e9xi\u00e0o l\u00ed t\u00fash\u016bgu\u01cen y\u01d2u s\u0101n m\u01d0.
\nThe school is 3 meters away from the library.<\/p>\n

\u5b66\u6821\u79bb\u516c\u53f8\u6709\u4e94\u5341\u516c\u91cc\u8fdc\u3002
\nXu\u00e9xi\u00e0o l\u00ed g\u014dngs\u012b y\u01d2u w\u01d4 sh\u00ed g\u014dngl\u01d0 yu\u01cen.
\nThe school is fifty kilometers away from the company.<\/p>\n

To ask how close an object or a place is from another object or place you use the predicative adjective: \u591a (du\u014d) \u201chow much(?)\u201d.<\/p>\n

Here’s an example: <\/p>\n

\u5b66\u6821\u79bb\u56fe\u4e66\u9986\u6709\u591a\u8fdc\uff1f
\nXu\u00e9xi\u00e0o l\u00ed t\u00fash\u016bgu\u01cen y\u01d2u du\u014d yu\u01cen?
\nHow far from the school is the bookstore?<\/p>\n

\u201cHere\u201d and \u201cthere\u201d <\/h2>\n

In this case you use the structures: <\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u91cc (zh\u00e8l\u01d0) \/ \u8fd9\u513f (zh\u00e8r) \u201chere\u201d;
\n\u90a3\u91cc (n\u00e0li) \/ \u90a3\u513f (n\u00e0r) \u201cthere\u201d.
\nHere are a few examples: <\/p>\n

\u79bb\u8fd9\u91cc\u5f88\u8fd1\u3002
\nL\u00ed zh\u00e8l\u01d0 h\u011bn j\u00ecn.
\nFrom here it’s close.\t<\/p>\n

\u79bb\u90a3\u91cc\u5f88\u8fd1\u3002
\nL\u00ed n\u00e0li h\u011bn j\u00ecn.
\nFrom there it’s close.<\/p>\n

\u79bb\u8fd9\u91cc\u5f88\u8fdc\u3002
\nL\u00ed zh\u00e8l\u01d0 h\u011bn yu\u01cen.
\nIt’s far from here.\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\u79bb\u90a3\u91cc\u5f88\u8fdc\u3002
\nL\u00ed n\u00e0li h\u011bn yu\u01cen.
\nIt’s far from there.<\/p>\n

When \u8fd9\u91cc\/\u8fd9\u513f (here) and \u90a3\u91cc\/\u90a3\u513f (there) follow a person’s name or a personal pronoun they are translated as near to\u2026\/ at the house of\u2026\u201d <\/p>\n

\u6211\u53bb\u4ed6\u90a3\u513f\u3002
\nW\u01d2 q\u00f9 t\u0101 n\u00e0r.
\nI go to him.<\/p>\n

\u5979\u6765\u6211\u8fd9\u513f\u3002
\nT\u0101 l\u00e1i w\u01d2 zh\u00e8r.
\nShe comes to me.<\/p>\n

\u6211\u53bb\u670b\u53cb\u90a3\u513f\u3002
\nW\u01d2 q\u00f9 p\u00e9ngyou n\u00e0r.
\nI go to friends. <\/p>\n

\u5979\u4eec\u6765\u6211\u7684\u670b\u53cb\u8fd9\u513f\u3002
\nT\u0101men l\u00e1i w\u01d2 de p\u00e9ngyou zh\u00e8r.
\nThey come to my friend’s house.<\/p>\n

\u6211\u5230\u670b\u53cb\u90a3\u513f\u53bb\u3002
\nW\u01d2 d\u00e0o p\u00e9ngyou n\u00e0r q\u00f9.
\nI go to my friends’. <\/p>\n

\u6211\u4ece\u670b\u53cb\u8fd9\u513f\u6765\u3002
\nW\u01d2 c\u00f3ng p\u00e9ngyou zh\u00e8r l\u00e1i.
\nI go to my friends’ house.<\/p>\n

The verb \u6709 (y\u01d2u) \u201cto have\/there’s\u201d <\/h2>\n

The verb \u6709 (y\u01d2u) can have two different meanings: to have\/there’s. How do you know when to use one or the other? <\/p>\n

When \u6709 (y\u01d2u) is used as a verb of existence \u201cthere’s\u201d, what you find at its left is a location complement, or a place:<\/p>\n

\u9910\u5385\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u670d\u52a1\u5458\u3002
\nC\u0101nt\u012bng y\u01d2u li\u01ceng ge f\u00faw\u00f9yu\u00e1n.
\nThere are two waiters in the restaurant.\t<\/p>\n

\u684c\u5b50\u4e0a\u6709\u4e24\u672c\u8bcd\u5178\u3002
\nZhu\u014dzi sh\u00e0ng y\u01d2u li\u01ceng b\u011bn c\u00eddi\u01cen.
\nThere are two dictionaries on the table.<\/p>\n

When \u6709 (y\u01d2u) is used as a verb that indicates the possessive “to have”, what you find to the left is generally a subject:<\/p>\n

\u4ed6\u6709\u4e24\u672c\u8bcd\u5178\u3002
\nT\u0101 y\u01d2u li\u01ceng b\u011bn c\u00eddi\u01cen.
\nHe has two dictionaries.\t<\/p>\n

\u5979\u6709\u4e00\u53ea\u732b\u3002
\nT\u0101 y\u01d2u y\u012b zh\u012b m\u0101o.
\nShe has a cat.<\/p>\n

In both cases, \u6709 (y\u01d2u) you can negate it with \u6ca1 (m\u00e9i):<\/p>\n

\u9910\u5385\u6ca1\u6709\u670d\u52a1\u5458\u3002
\nC\u0101nt\u012bng m\u00e9i y\u01d2u f\u00faw\u00f9yu\u00e1n.
\nThere are no waiters at the restaurant.\t<\/p>\n

\u4ed6\u6ca1\u6709\u8bcd\u5178\u3002
\nT\u0101 m\u00e9i y\u01d2u c\u00eddi\u01cen.
\nHe doesn’t have a dictionary.<\/p>\n

Photo Credits: \"Creative<\/a> Chinese New Year Parade 17<\/a> by Steve Rhodes<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Directional verbs In Chinese, to express movement there are essentially two ways of doing so: 1. Introducing the place with a preposition (state, movement, and so on), to then insert the appropriate movement verb: Preposition + place + movement Here are a few examples: \u6211\u5230\u4e2d\u56fd\u53bb\u3002 d\u00e0o zh\u014dnggu\u00f3 q\u00f9. I go to China. \u4f60\u5230\u54ea\u513f\u53bb\u4e86\uff1f N\u01d0 d\u00e0o […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":31,"featured_media":16026,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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Introducing the place with a preposition (state, movement, and so on), to then insert the appropriate movement verb: Preposition + place + movement Here are a few examples: \u6211\u5230\u4e2d\u56fd\u53bb\u3002 d\u00e0o zh\u014dnggu\u00f3 q\u00f9. I go to China. \u4f60\u5230\u54ea\u513f\u53bb\u4e86\uff1f N\u01d0 d\u00e0o…","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.saporedicina.com\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16001","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.saporedicina.com\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.saporedicina.com\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.saporedicina.com\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/31"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.saporedicina.com\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16001"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.saporedicina.com\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16001\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.saporedicina.com\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/16026"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.saporedicina.com\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16001"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.saporedicina.com\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=16001"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.saporedicina.com\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=16001"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}