{"id":15899,"date":"2017-12-07T03:00:28","date_gmt":"2017-12-07T02:00:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.saporedicina.com\/english\/?p=15899"},"modified":"2022-02-04T10:12:58","modified_gmt":"2022-02-04T09:12:58","slug":"characteristics-chinese-language","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.saporedicina.com\/english\/characteristics-chinese-language\/","title":{"rendered":"General characteristics of Chinese language and grammar"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"General<\/p>\n

With this article I want to give you an extremely succinct idea of the general characteristics of Chinese lnaguage and grammar. The objective is to provide you with a starting point for studying this wonderful language. Enjoy the read!<\/p>\n

The Chinese language<\/h2>\n

Chinese is the most widely spoken language in the world thanks to the extremely high number of native speakers. But which Chinese is spoken in the world? <\/p>\n

In China, when it comes to the spoken language, there are tons of dialects that are almost languages in and of themselves. Since there’s a large gap between dialects, it was thought to unite the spoken language, coining what came to be known as \u666e\u901a\u8bdd (P\u01d4t\u014dnghu\u00e0), or the “common language” (known to the non-specialist general public as “Mandarin Chinese”<\/a>). <\/p>\n

This is an extremely brief overview. Just know that the “official” Chinese language is this so-called putonghua, which is the language that is spoken and taught to all Chinese and those who want to learn Chinese. <\/p>\n

Putonghua is the language spoken on television on official programs and is the language in which the HSK exams are taken<\/a> which which are administered by the Confucius Institute<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n

Chinese belongs to the Sino-Tibetan group of languages, whose main characteristic is being a language without noun or verb inflections, as well as being monosyllabic.<\/p>\n

The word<\/h2>\n

Chinese has an extremely simple structure. Each word is expressed by one syllable that knows no declension or conjugations; there are no articles and it isn’t necessary to indicate masculine or feminine gender or plurals. The words, in Chinese are therefore constant: there are no inflections.<\/p>\n

There are notions as to gender, tense, the way and person, but these aren’t necessarily marked by an indicator. A word can be used as singular or plural, feminine or masculine, present or future. <\/p>\n

For example, the character \u4e66 (sh\u016b), can be translated both as \u201cbook\u201d and \u201cbooks\u201d, depending on the context. Chinese is, also, devoid of articles. The only thing that is explicitly indicated is the aspect of the verb<\/a>, that is the phase of completion of the action reported in the moment being considered. For this reason, there are a few particles called aspectuals, used to denote the characteristic of the action.<\/p>\n

Phrase structure<\/h2>\n

Elementary Chinese grammar can be summed up in just a few rules: the subject precedes the verb, which is usually followed by the complement; time and location expressions generally precede the verb the adjective, which functions as an attribute, precedes the noun; with a verbal function (\u201cto be interesting\u201d) follows the verb<\/a>. <\/p>\n

Summing up<\/h2>\n

Chinese is of the “SVO” type, subject \u2013 verb \u2013 object, as with the majority of Western languages. Here’s an example:<\/p>\n

\u6211\u5b66\u4e60\u4e2d\u6587\u3002
\nw\u01d2 xu\u00e9x\u00ed zh\u014dngw\u00e9n.
\nI study Chinese.<\/p>\n

If there’s a tome and place indicated, the simple phrase will acquire this structure: STPVO, or subject \u2013 time \u2013 place \u2013 verb \u2013 object.<\/p>\n

Here’s an example: <\/p>\n

\u6211\u4eca\u5929\u5728\u5b66\u6821\u5b66\u4e60\u4e2d\u6587\u3002
\nW\u01d2 j\u012bnti\u0101n z\u00e0i xu\u00e9xi\u00e0o xu\u00e9x\u00ed zh\u014dngw\u00e9n.
\nIo study Chinese in school.<\/p>\n

The syllables<\/h2>\n

In Chinese, each syllable expressed by a Chinese character (such as those listed above) indicates an idea, a visibly clear concept, done to be more intuitive when translated into other languages. Any translation from Chinese<\/a> into another language is inevitably a limitation of the original, an excessive clarification of what is indicated or mentioned in the original phrase. <\/p>\n

Let’s take an example: in French \u201cmon cheval\u201d can onle be translated as \u201cmy horse\u201d; however in Chinese \u6211\u7684\u9a6c (w\u01d2 de m\u01ce), can be translated as \u201cmy horse\u201d but also \u201cmy horses\u201d. <\/p>\n

The position of the phrase is determined for a more exact understanding of the phrase, while the context, as seen with \u6211\u7684\u9a6c (w\u01d2 de m\u01ce), is perhaps the strongest point. <\/p>\n

Personal pronouns<\/h2>\n

Here are the personal pronouns in Chinese:<\/p>\n

\u6211 (w\u01d2) \u201cI\u201d
\n\u4f60 (n\u01d0) \u201cyou\u201d
\n\u4ed6 (t\u0101) \u201che\u201d
\n\u5979 (t\u0101) \u201cshe\u201d
\n\u60a8 (n\u00edn) \u201cYou\u201d (the formal \u201cyou\u201d)<\/p>\n

As you can see, he and she are pronounced the same and are very similar in writing with characters. The difference is in the radical: in the character \u4ed6(he), we find the radical \u4ebb, \u201cman standing\u201d; in the character \u5979 (she), we instead find the radical \u5973, \u201cwoman\u201d. <\/p>\n

To distinguish the pronouns we don’t have much trouble with the written language, while with the spoken language the only alternative is to rely on the context.<\/p>\n

We’ve seen the personal pronouns in the singular form, for plural pronouns just simply add a suffix, the character \u4eec (men), which we can call \u201cthe generic indicator of plurality\u201d.<\/p>\n

\u6211\u4eec (w\u01d2men) \u201cwe\u201d
\n\u4f60\u4eec(n\u01d0men) \u201cyou\u201d
\n\u4ed6\u4eec (t\u0101men) \u201cthey\u201d (male gender)
\n\u5979\u4eec (t\u0101men) \u201cthey\u201d (female gender)<\/p>\n

Note that the pronoun \u60a8 (n\u00edn) \u201cShe\u201d is almost never followed by the generic indicator of plurality \u4eec. When there’s more than one person to refer to with respect, they are called with honorific titles such as “sir” or “esteemed\u201d. This character is very interesting: if you note, it is made up of “you” and under the character “heart\u201d \u5fc3 (xin). I’ll leave the interpretation of this character to you! <\/p>\n

The generic indicator of plurality \u4eec can be used with several nouns \u2013 person, for the most part – to strongly emphasize the plurality. For example, \u4eba (r\u00e9n) person, by adding the suffix \u4eec, becomes \u4eba\u4eec (r\u00e9nmen) people. Remember that \u4eec is a suffix, and as such, is inserted immediately after what it is referring to. <\/p>\n

You can’t insert indicators of quantity before a noun to which a suffix of generic plurality \u4eec has been added. The phrase \u90a3\u51e0\u4f4d\u670b\u53cb\u4eec (n\u00e0 j\u01d0 w\u00e8i p\u00e9ngyou men) \u201cThose few friends\u201d is wrong; the correct phrase would be \u90a3\u51e0\u4f4d\u670b\u53cb, because \u90a3\u51e0\u4f4d is a specifier of quantity (\u201cthose few\u201d) that doesn’t work if the noun that follows has a suffix of plurality \u4eec.<\/p>\n

Photo Credits: \"Creative<\/a> Chinese Character Screenprinted Door Mat<\/a> by Charlotte Powell<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

With this article I want to give you an extremely succinct idea of the general characteristics of Chinese lnaguage and grammar. The objective is to provide you with a starting point for studying this wonderful language. Enjoy the read! The Chinese language Chinese is the most widely spoken language in the world thanks to the 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language and Chinese grammar: general overview, characteristics of the word, sentence structures and much 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language and grammar"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.saporedicina.com\/english\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.saporedicina.com\/english\/","name":"Sapore di Cina","description":"Learn Chinese, Travel, Study or Work in China and Asia","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.saporedicina.com\/english\/#organization"},"alternateName":"SDC","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.saporedicina.com\/english\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/www.saporedicina.com\/english\/#organization","name":"Sapore di Cina","alternateName":"SDC","url":"https:\/\/www.saporedicina.com\/english\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.saporedicina.com\/english\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/www.saporedicina.com\/english\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/logo.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.saporedicina.com\/english\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/logo.jpg","width":800,"height":800,"caption":"Sapore di Cina"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.saporedicina.com\/english\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/flavorofchina","https:\/\/x.com\/saporedicina","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/saporedicina\/","https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCl2ssfXqNmOeaY6l470UDlQ"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/www.saporedicina.com\/english\/#\/schema\/person\/521cc28a2884f981cf819e67b1f15cb1","name":"Armando Turturici","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.saporedicina.com\/english\/wp-content\/litespeed\/avatar\/6463d0e76ebee97d01d949339000f1d5.jpg?ver=1777115673","url":"https:\/\/www.saporedicina.com\/english\/wp-content\/litespeed\/avatar\/6463d0e76ebee97d01d949339000f1d5.jpg?ver=1777115673","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.saporedicina.com\/english\/wp-content\/litespeed\/avatar\/6463d0e76ebee97d01d949339000f1d5.jpg?ver=1777115673","caption":"Armando Turturici"},"description":"Born in Italy in 1992, he graduated in Chinese and English Language from the University of Enna Kore, in 2014. Currently, he's a Professor of Chinese Mandarin in Caltanissetta, while he also keeps studying Japanese and Classic Chinese at the University of Torino.","sameAs":["https:\/\/independent.academia.edu\/ArmandoTurturici","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/armando-alessandro-turturici-a4316ab7\/","https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCnad7mZMifojVZp9LsRy4iQ"],"url":"https:\/\/www.saporedicina.com\/english\/author\/armando\/"}]}},"uagb_featured_image_src":{"full":["https:\/\/www.saporedicina.com\/english\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/general-characteristics-of-chinese.jpg",700,376,false],"thumbnail":["https:\/\/www.saporedicina.com\/english\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/general-characteristics-of-chinese-150x150.jpg",150,150,true],"medium":["https:\/\/www.saporedicina.com\/english\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/general-characteristics-of-chinese-300x161.jpg",300,161,true],"medium_large":["https:\/\/www.saporedicina.com\/english\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/general-characteristics-of-chinese.jpg",700,376,false],"large":["https:\/\/www.saporedicina.com\/english\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/general-characteristics-of-chinese.jpg",700,376,false],"1536x1536":["https:\/\/www.saporedicina.com\/english\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/general-characteristics-of-chinese.jpg",700,376,false],"2048x2048":["https:\/\/www.saporedicina.com\/english\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/general-characteristics-of-chinese.jpg",700,376,false]},"uagb_author_info":{"display_name":"Armando Turturici","author_link":"https:\/\/www.saporedicina.com\/english\/author\/armando\/"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":"With this article I want to give you an extremely succinct idea of the general characteristics of Chinese lnaguage and grammar. The objective is to provide you with a starting point for studying this wonderful language. Enjoy the read! The Chinese language Chinese is the most widely spoken language in the world thanks to the…","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.saporedicina.com\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15899","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.saporedicina.com\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.saporedicina.com\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.saporedicina.com\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/31"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.saporedicina.com\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15899"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.saporedicina.com\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15899\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.saporedicina.com\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/15922"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.saporedicina.com\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15899"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.saporedicina.com\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=15899"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.saporedicina.com\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=15899"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}