{"id":15789,"date":"2020-04-16T01:05:39","date_gmt":"2020-04-16T00:05:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.saporedicina.com\/english\/?p=15789"},"modified":"2022-02-04T10:30:36","modified_gmt":"2022-02-04T09:30:36","slug":"chinese-grammar-guide","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.saporedicina.com\/english\/chinese-grammar-guide\/","title":{"rendered":"Chinese Grammar Explained – Our Complete Guide"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Chinese<\/p>\n

This article is a collection of all the articles on Chinese grammar that we’ve published here on this site.<\/p>\n

General characteristics of the Chinese language<\/h2>\n

In this article we’ll explain what counts as so-called \u201cMandarin Chinese\u201d, how many dialects are spoken in modern China, what the Chinese writing is and the word in Chinese; how Chinese phrases are usually structured will also be explained. <\/p>\n

In the final analysis, we’ll jump into the language, starting with personal pronouns, the numbers 1 to 10. To conclude we’ll explain how to ask questions and make simple negations.<\/p>\n

Click here to read the article on the general characteristics of the Chinese language<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Classifiers<\/h2>\n

In this article, we explain a class of grammar that we don’t have in the Italian language: so-called classifiers (as sinologists call them) or numerators (as Japanese linguists call them) that are there, even with differences, much more so in Chinese than Japanese. <\/p>\n

In brief, classifiers (in Chinese) are inserted between the number and noun so as to formulate the numeral or quantitative constructions (10 pens, 5 books, etc). For each class of nouns, there’s an appropriate classifier that unfortunately you need to know and study.<\/p>\n

Click here to read the article on classifiers<\/a><\/strong>. <\/strong><\/p>\n

Predicative adjectives<\/h2>\n

In this article, we explain the adjectives in Chinese and why they are commonly designated as predicative or attributive. They are called this because they have the intrinsic value of the predicate (the verb \u201cto be\u201d), so all adjectives aren’t simply translated with “tall”, “short”, “skinny”, “fat”, but rather with “to be tall”. “to be short”, “to be skinny”, “to be fat\u201d. <\/p>\n

In this article, we also explain how to negate the adjectives, how to form questions through adjectives, how to connect two or more adjectives, how to express a change in time and how to use adjectives in the role of adverbs.<\/p>\n

Click here to read the article on predicative adjectives<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

The particle of determination \u7684 (de)<\/h2>\n

In this article, we speak about a characteristic structure of the Chinese language, the “determining – determined” structure. The determining is what determines, specifies or characterizes something else, the determined. <\/p>\n

For example, in the syntagm \u201cI like delicious food\u201d, \u201cdelicious\u201d is determining the \u201cfood\u201d, because it tells us a characteristic of the determined “food\u201d. At times, the determiners can be actual phrases that are separated by the determined by a comma. <\/p>\n

In this article, we introduce the particle of determination \u7684 (de), how it is used to make relative propositions.<\/p>\n

Click here to read our article on the particle of determination \u7684<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Directional complements, verbs and prepositions<\/h2>\n

In this article, we explained what directional complements are (inside, outside, to the side of, in front of, behind, to the right of, to the left of, above, below), as well as what the main verbs and movement prepositions are. <\/p>\n

The character \u5728 (zai) \u201cin, find oneself in, to be in\u201d is introduced, along with the complement of distance in the use of the pseudo existential verb \u6709 (you) \u201cto have\/to be there\u201d.<\/p>\n

Click here to read our article on the directional complements<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

The topic-comment structure<\/h2>\n

In this article, we present the topic-comment structure, one of the peculiarities of the Chinese syntax. The topic is the main argument of what we talk about, while the comment is what the topic speaks about. For example: for Chinese books, I go crazy.<\/p>\n

Click here to read our article on the topic-comment structure<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

The main prepositions<\/h2>\n

In this article we speak of prepositions that indicate the beneficiary of an action done by another; it speaks of final and causal prepositions; objective prepositions and causative verbs.<\/p>\n

Click here to read our article on the main prepositions<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

The particle \u4e86 (le)<\/h2>\n

In this article, we explain in detail what it is, how and when you use the particle \u4e86 (le). This particle is one of the greatest obstacles for students of the Chinese language because the Chinese make abundant use of it and at times, unwittingly. <\/p>\n

Click here to read our article on the particle \u4e86<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

\u53ea (zh\u01d0), \u5c31 (jiu) and \u624d (cai)<\/h2>\n

In this article it speaks about two extensively used adverbs in the Chinese language, \u53ea, \u5c31 and \u624d. There are many uses for these characters. To be succinct, you can say that the first expresses a certain “facility” in carrying out an action, the second expresses a certain “difficulty and slowness\u201d.<\/p>\n

Click here to read our article on \u53ea (zh\u01d0), \u5c31 (jiu) and \u624d (cai)<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

The aspect of the verb<\/h2>\n

In this article, we’ll look at how verbs in Chinese are not conjugated. This doesn’t mean that in Chinese there are no ways to indicate different verb tenses. Chinese uses different arrangements to express the difference in tenses. <\/p>\n

This article talks about the various aspects that a verb can assume: the completed aspect, in the course of being carried out, the continuation of an action or the state of an action.<\/p>\n

Click here to read the article on the aspect of the verb<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Complements of company, means, tools, subjects and directions<\/h2>\n

In this article we describe in detail complements of company, means, tools, subjects and also describe how to indicate directions (and also be able to receive them), to get around with ease within the borders of China.<\/p>\n

Click here to read the article on complements of company, means, tools, subjects and directions<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Auxiliary modals<\/h2>\n

In this article, various auxiliary modals in the Chinese language are illustrated in detail, such as “to think”, “to want”, “to have to”, “to hear”.<\/p>\n

Click here to read our article on auxiliary modals<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Interrogative substitutions and the \u4ee5…\u4e3a structure<\/h2>\n

In this article, we talk about interrogative substitutions (who, what, where, when, why) and the structure \u4ee5…\u4e3a. This structure is directly derived from the classic Chinese and is extremely useful for advanced students of Chinese.<\/p>\n

Click here to read our article on interrogative substitutions and the \u4ee5…\u4e3a structure<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Doublings<\/h2>\n

In this article, we look at how there’s a particular way to express a determined concept in Chinese by using the same characters: the so-called “doubling”. <\/p>\n

Here the main types of doubling are illustrated in Chinese: the doubling of classifiers, verbs, and predicative adjectives.<\/p>\n

Click here to read our article on doublings<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Comparatives<\/h2>\n

In this article it talks about comparatives of greater, less than and equal to. In reality, there’s no actual comparative for less than, because it consists of negating the greater than or equal to comparative.<\/p>\n

Click here to read the article on comparatives<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Special constructions<\/h2>\n

In this article, we illustrate special constructions in the Chinese language, such as those introduced by \u5982 (ru) \u201clike\u201d and \u4e0d\u5982 (buru) \u201cnot like\u201d. The above-mentioned constructions are directly derived from classic Chinese and are widely used, especially in written form.<\/p>\n

Click here to read the article on special constructions<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Modal particles<\/h2>\n

In this article, we illustrate the main modal particles that are inserted at the end of a phrase to express something in an effective and concise way. This deals with unstressed particles that can express sensations like a surprise, but there are others that express the continuation of an action and so on.<\/p>\n

Click here to read our article on modal particles<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Verbal complements<\/h2>\n

In this article, we speak about verbal complements that don’t exist in Italian. Lacking a specific term, they are defined as verbal complements because they are placed to the right of the verb to express significant details. Chinese is very photographic, it manages to give incredible details by means of verbal complements. <\/p>\n

Click the following links to read our article on: <\/p>\n

Complements of degree<\/a><\/p>\n

Quantitative complements<\/a><\/p>\n

Resultative complements<\/a><\/p>\n

Directional complements and figurative directionals<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Constructions with \u628a (ba)<\/h2>\n

In this article, we talk about constructions with \u628a and the origins of this character. This character in classical Chinese means “to take”. In modern Chinese it allows us to change the syntax of the phrase into subject-object – verb, bringing Chinese closer to modern Japanese.<\/p>\n

Click here to read our article on constructions with \u628a<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Constructions with \u88ab (bei)<\/h2>\n

This article deals with constructions with \u88ab and the slight negative aspect that this way of expressing the passive brings. This negative connotation, thanks to the influence of foreign languages (especially English), is gradually being lost. This character carries the meaning of “cover” and “to cover”.<\/p>\n

Click here to read our article on constructions with \u88ab<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Conjunctions<\/h2>\n

In this article, we explain in detail the most used conjunctions for connecting two or more phrases: though, nevertheless, since, then, ever since, etc.<\/p>\n

Click here to read our article on the conjunctions<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Constructions in series<\/h2>\n

In this article, we illustrate the typical constructions of the Chinese language that allow the expression of many meanings in a rapid and really effective way.<\/p>\n

Click here to read our article on constructions in series<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Rhetorical questions<\/h2>\n

In this article, we analyze in detail rhetorical questions in Chinese. As Umberto Eco would rhetorically say: \u201cDo we really need rhetorical questions?\u201d<\/p>\n

Click here to read our article on rhetorical questions<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

I \u6210\u8bed (chengyu) \u201cidiomatic expressions\u201d<\/h2>\n

Lacking a better term, we can call chengyu \u201cidiomatic expressions\u201d of the Chinese language. The chengyu are mainly made up of 4 characters, but it isn’t rare to find a few with 5 or 6 characters.<\/p>\n

Click here to read our article on chengyu<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

\u4fda\u8bed (liyu) \u201cChinese slang\u201d<\/h2>\n

This article talks about slang in contemporary Chinese. This type of language is increasingly being used, especially by the youth in the language of chatting.<\/p>\n

Click here to read the article on Chinese slang<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

As was mentioned at the beginning, the list grows daily. I invite you to leave any questions and\/or suggestions in the comments, thanks!<\/strong><\/p>\n

Frequently asked questions<\/h2>\n
\n
\n
Is Chinese grammar similar to English?<\/div>\n
\n
Chinese grammar is fairly easy to learn and often similar to English. Look at modifiers, for example, where the Chinese always use a Subject-Verb-Object. If you learn Chinese, you\u2019ll most likely not struggle with the grammar, but to learn how to write characters, learn how to pronounce the tones, and idioms, which are widely used even in spoken Chinese. <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
Is there past tense in Chinese?<\/div>\n
\n
One of the beauties of learning Chinese is that they don\u2019t have any past tense, which makes it so much easier to learn. Instead of conjugating verbs, they simply put a \u2018le\u2019 (\u4e86) after the verb. For example, \u201cI eat food\u201d is written as \u201c\u6211\u5403\u996d, W\u01d2 ch\u012b f\u00e0n\u201d. However, if you say \u201cI ate food yesterday\u201d, the Chinese will simply say \u201c\u6211\u6628\u5929\u5403\u4e86\u996d, W\u01d2 zu\u00f3ti\u0101n ch\u012ble f\u00e0n\u2018.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
Is Chinese harder than Japanese?<\/div>\n
\n
Some people claim that Japanese is harder than Chinese and vice versa. Generally speaking, the grammar is easier in Chinese. Besides, the fact that they don\u2019t conjugate verbs or have any gender differences makes the language easier to learn. Having said that, Japanese is easier in the sense that there are no tones, words are easier to pronounce (at least for most westerners), and their alphabets\/characters are not as difficult to learn.<\/p>\n

In Japanese, you have to pay much attention to how you address people, according to their profession and age. That\u2019s generally not the case when speaking Chinese.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\n
How long does it take to learn Chinese fluently?<\/div>\n
\n
Hard to say as it\u2019s a highly individual question. In general, be prepared to study Chinese daily for at least 2-3 years before you become fluent.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
Can Japanese people read the Chinese language?<\/div>\n
\n
Yes, the Japanese have two different alphabets called Hiragana and Katakana. Besides, they also have a writing system called Kanji which includes Chinese characters which symbolize whole words. As such, the Japanese can learn how to read Chinese quicker than many other foreigners. <\/p>\n

Japanese newspapers usually have around 70% Kanji, 20% hiragana, and 10% katakana. Therefore, a majority of the text is Kanji and the same as Chinese characters.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\n
How many characters do you need to know to be fluent in Chinese?<\/div>\n
\n
In general, Chinese people need to learn 1,500 – 2,000 characters to be considered fluent. However, this doesn\u2019t mean that you only have to learn 1,500 – 2,000 words. Your Chinese proficiency level will rather be determined<\/a> based on the number of words you know, and not only the amount of characters.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
Is there a Chinese alphabet?<\/div>\n
\n
No, there\u2019s no alphabet in Chinese, like in most other languages. Yet, they do have the pinyin system that is a system of symbols showing phonetic notation of all Chinese characters.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
Is Pinyin and Mandarin the same?<\/div>\n
\n
Pinyin is an alphabet and a romanization of Chinese characters. In short, the pinyin system helps you understand how Chinese characters are pronounced, including the tones. For example, the word for cat, \u732b, will be written as M\u0101o in pinyin.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Photo Credits: \"Creative<\/a> Wall of Characters<\/a> by gullevek<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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