{"id":13094,"date":"2017-01-19T10:00:46","date_gmt":"2017-01-19T09:00:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.saporedicina.com\/english\/?p=13094"},"modified":"2022-02-03T12:03:38","modified_gmt":"2022-02-03T11:03:38","slug":"doubling-classifiers-nouns-verbs-adjectives-chinese","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.saporedicina.com\/english\/doubling-classifiers-nouns-verbs-adjectives-chinese\/","title":{"rendered":"The doubling of classifiers, nouns, verbs and adjectives in the Chinese language"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"The<\/p>\n

In this article we’ll discuss the doubling of verbs, nouns and classifiers, are one of the most evident and common peculiarities of Chinese grammar. Besides, who’s never said \u201c\u4e00\u70b9\u70b9 (y\u012b\u0320di\u1ea1\u030cndi\u01cen)\u201d?<\/p>\n

Let’s start with classifiers to then move on to nouns, verbs and predicative adjectives. <\/p>\n

The doubling of classifiers <\/h2>\n

The classifiers, which we’ve already covered in a preceding article<\/a>, can be doubled according to precise rules. Doubling classifiers is divided into three “types”.<\/p>\n

The simple doubling of classifiers<\/h3>\n

The first type of doubling we’ll consider is simple doubling, which is made up of a classifier followed by a classifier: <\/p>\n

Classifier \u2013 Classifier<\/strong><\/p>\n

The simple doubling of classifiers accentuates the collective value<\/strong> of a noun. This doubling always appears in the segment of the phrase that precedes the verb. Usually, classifiers doubled in this way are covered by the adverb \u90fd (d\u014du), which means “all”. <\/p>\n

Let’s look at a few examples: <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u5bb6 (ji\u0101): classifier for buildings
\n\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u5bb6\u5bb6<\/strong>\u996d\u9986\u90fd<\/strong>\u975e\u5e38\u6f02\u4eae\u3002
\nZh\u00e8l\u01d0 de ji\u0101 ji\u0101 f\u00e0ngu\u01cen d\u014du f\u0113ich\u00e1ng pi\u00e0oliang.
\nEvery restaurant in this area is very beautiful.<\/p>\n

\u4e2a (ge): generic classifier
\n\u90a3\u5ea7\u5c71\u4e0a\u7684\u4e2a\u4e2a<\/strong>\u7f8a\u90fd<\/strong>\u5f88\u80d6\u3002
\nN\u00e0 zu\u00f2 sh\u0101n sh\u00e0ng de g\u00e8g\u00e8 y\u00e1ng d\u014du h\u011bn p\u00e0ng.
\nAll sheep on that mountain are fat.<\/p>\n

\u5728\u90a3\u5bb6\u5b66\u6821\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u4e2a\u4e2a<\/strong>\u5b66\u751f\u4ed6\u90fd<\/strong>\u8ba4\u8bc6\u3002
\nZ\u00e0i n\u00e0 ji\u0101 xu\u00e9xi\u00e0o xu\u00e9x\u00ed de g\u00e8g\u00e8 xu\u00e9sheng t\u0101 d\u014du r\u00e8nshi.
\nHe knows every student that goes to that school.<\/p>\n

\u95f4 (ji\u0101n): classifier for rooms
\n\u95f4\u95f4<\/strong>\u5c4b\u5b50\u4ed6\u90fd<\/strong>\u6253\u626b\u4e86\u3002
\nJi\u0101n ji\u0101n w\u016bzi t\u0101 d\u014du d\u1ea1\u030cs\u01ceo le.
\nHe cleaned all the rooms.<\/p>\n

\u672c (b\u011bn): classifier for items that can be flipped through
\n\u9c81\u8fc5\u5199\u7684\u672c\u672c<\/strong>\u5c0f\u8bf4\u4ed6\u90fd<\/strong>\u770b\u8fc7\u3002
\nL\u01d4 X\u00f9n xi\u011b de b\u011bn b\u011bn xi\u01ceoshu\u014d t\u0101 d\u014du k\u00e0nguo.
\nHe read all the novels that were written by Lu Xun. <\/p>\n

The complex 1 doubling of classifiers<\/h3>\n

The second type of doubling that we will present is complex number 1: <\/p>\n

Number \u2013 Classifier \u2013 Number \u2013 Classifier<\/strong><\/p>\n

or <\/p>\n

Number \u2013 Classifier \u2013 Classifier<\/strong><\/p>\n

The complex 1 doubling of classifiers has a distributive function<\/strong>. When using the first formula, classifiers tend to be followed by the particle \u7684 (de)<\/a> if it comes after a name; if instead it comes after a verb, the classifiers will be followed by the particle \u5730 (de).<\/p>\n

When using the second formula, classifiers will not be followed by \u7684 nor \u5730; but rather by the adverb \u90fd, which might also be admitted.<\/p>\n

Let’s see some examples: <\/p>\n

\u684c\u5b50\u4e0a\u653e\u7740\u4e00\u5f20\u4e00\u5f20\u7684<\/strong>\u7167\u7247\u3002
\nZhu\u014dzi sh\u00e0ng f\u00e0ngzhe y\u012b zh\u0101ng y\u012b zh\u0101ng de zh\u00e0opi\u00e0n.
\nThe photos are arranged one by one on the table.<\/p>\n

\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u6c49\u8bed\u6c34\u5e73\u4e00\u6b65\u4e00\u6b65\u5730<\/strong>\u63d0\u9ad8\u4e86\u3002
\nXu\u00e9sheng de H\u00e0ny\u01d4 shu\u01d0p\u00edng y\u012bb\u00f9y\u012bb\u00f9 de t\u00edg\u0101o le.
\nThe students’ level of Chinese<\/a>, step by step, has improved.<\/p>\n

\u5b66\u751f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5730<\/strong>\u8fdb\u5165\u6559\u5ba4\u4e86
\nXu\u00e9sheng y\u012b g\u00e8 y\u012b g\u00e8 de j\u00ecnr\u00f9 ji\u00e0osh\u00ec le.
\nThe students entered into the classroom one by one.<\/p>\n

\u300a\u54c8\u5229\u6ce2\u7279\u300b\u7684\u5c0f\u8bf4\uff0c\u6211\u4e00\u672c\u672c\u90fd<\/strong>\u770b\u8fc7\u3002
\n\u300aH\u0101 l\u00ec b\u014dt\u00e8\u300b de xi\u01ceoshu\u014d, w\u01d2 y\u012b b\u011bnb\u011bn d\u014du k\u00e0nguo.
\nI read all the Harry Potter novels one by one.<\/p>\n

\u5929\u4e00\u70b9\u70b9<\/strong>\u9ed1\u4e86\u3002
\nTi\u0101n y\u012b\u0320di\u1ea1\u030cndi\u01cen h\u0113i le.
\nLittle by little it got dark.<\/p>\n

The complex 2 doubling of classifiers<\/h3>\n

To conclude, let’s see the complex 2 doubling of classifiers:<\/p>\n

Number \u2013 Classifier \u2013 Name \u2013 Number \u2013 Classifier \u2013 Name<\/strong><\/p>\n

The complex 2 doubling accentuates the distributive value<\/strong> of classifiers. This doubling is usually found before the verbs and are followed by the particle \u5730.<\/p>\n

Let’s see some examples:<\/p>\n

\u4f60\u5e94\u8be5\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bcd\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bcd\u5730<\/strong>\u7ffb\u8bd1\u3002
\nN\u01d0 y\u012bngg\u0101i y\u012b g\u00e8 c\u00ed y\u012b g\u00e8 c\u00ed de f\u0101ny\u00ec.
\nYou need to translate word for word.<\/p>\n

\u4f60\u5fc5\u987b\u4e00\u4e2a\u6c49\u5b57\u4e00\u4e2a\u6c49\u5b57\u5730<\/strong>\u80cc\u4e0b\u6765\u90a3\u9996\u8bd7\u3002
\nN\u01d0 b\u00ecx\u016b y\u012b g\u00e8 H\u00e0nz\u00ec y\u012b g\u00e8 h\u00e0nz\u00ec d\u00ec b\u00e8i xi\u00e0lai n\u00e0 sh\u01d2u sh\u012b.
\nYou have to memorize that poem character by character.<\/p>\n

To accentuate the distributive value of the classifiers you can also use this structure:<\/p>\n

Number \u2013 Classifier \u2013 \u53c8 (y\u00f2u) \/ \u6bd4 (b\u01d0) \u2013 Number \u2013 Classifier<\/strong><\/p>\n

Here are some examples: <\/p>\n

\u4e3a\u4e86\u5b66\u4f1a\u4e2d\u6587\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8981\u4e00\u504f\u6bd4\u4e00\u504f<\/strong>\u5730\u5199\u6c49\u5b57\u3002
\nW\u00e8ile xu\u00e9hu\u00ec Zh\u014dngw\u00e9n, w\u01d2men y\u00e0o y\u012bpi\u0101n b\u01d0 y\u012bpi\u0101n de xi\u011b h\u00e0nz\u00ec.
\nTo learn Chinese, we have to write characters root by root.<\/p>\n

\u95ee\u9898\u4e00\u4e2a\u53c8\u4e00\u4e2a<\/strong>\u5730\u89e3\u51b3\u4e86
\nW\u00e8nt\u00ed y\u012b ge y\u00f2u y\u012b ge de ji\u011bju\u00e9 le.
\nOne after another, the problems were solved.<\/p>\n

\u201c\u6bcf (m\u011bi) … \u90fd (d\u014du) …\u201d <\/h3>\n

Note that the construction \u201c\u6bcf (m\u011bi) … \u90fd (d\u014du) …\u201d has the same value of the simple doubling, or has the generalized function of \u201cevery… \/ all…\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u6bcf is always followed by the classifier, except when the noun that follows is among those that don’t require a classifier (like \u201cday\u201d for example).<\/p>\n

Here are some examples:<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u6bcf<\/strong>\u4e2a\u5b66\u751f\u90fd<\/strong>\u5f88\u52aa\u529b\u3002
\nZh\u00e8l\u01d0 de m\u011bi ge xu\u00e9sheng d\u014du h\u011bn n\u01d4l\u00ec.
\nAll the students from here work hard.<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8863\u670d\u6bcf<\/strong>\u4ef6\u90fd<\/strong>\u5f88\u6f02\u4eae\u3002
\nZh\u00e8xi\u0113 y\u012bfu m\u011bi ji\u00e0n d\u014du h\u011bn pi\u00e0oliang.
\nThese dresses are all very beautiful.<\/p>\n

\u90a3\u91cc\u7684\u6bcf<\/strong>\u5bb6\u996d\u5e97\u90fd<\/strong>\u53bb\u8fc7\u3002
\nN\u00e0li de m\u011bi ji\u0101 f\u00e0ndi\u00e0n d\u014du q\u00f9guo.
\nI went to every restaurant in this area.<\/p>\n

\u6211\u6bcf<\/strong>\u5929\u90fd<\/strong>\u5b66\u4e2d\u6587\u3002
\nW\u01d2 m\u011biti\u0101n d\u014du xu\u00e9 Zh\u014dngw\u00e9n.
\nI study Chinese every day. <\/p>\n

\u6bcf<\/strong>\u5e74\u6211\u7684\u670b\u53cb\u4eec\u5230\u4e2d\u56fd\u53bb\u3002
\nM\u011bi ni\u00e1n w\u01d2 de p\u00e9ngyou men d\u00e0o Zh\u014dnggu\u00f3 q\u00f9.
\nEvery year my friends go to China.<\/p>\n

The doubling of nouns <\/h2>\n

There are words that don’t allow a classifier after it. The most common are: \u5929 (ti\u0101n) \u201cday\u201d; \u5e74 (ni\u00e1n) \u201cyear\u201d; \u5206\u949f (f\u0113nzh\u014dng) \u201cminute\u201d; \u9875 (y\u00e8) \u201cpage\u201d. <\/p>\n

These names can be doubled using the simple doubling and therefore express the meaning of \u201cevery \/ all \/ each\u201d<\/strong> which is usually obtained through doubled classifiers.<\/p>\n

Basically, the doubling of nouns that don’t require the use of classifiers can be done when monosyllable nouns makes sense if doubled. <\/p>\n

For example, \u4eba (r\u00e9n) \u201cperson\u201d and \u6b21 (c\u00ed) \u201ctime\u201d can be doubled so that its meaning is “every person” and “every time”, \u4eba\u4eba and \u6b21\u6b21 respectively. Here’s an example: <\/p>\n

\u5b66\u751f\u5929\u5929\u90fd<\/strong>\u6765\u4e0a\u8bfe\u3002
\nXu\u00e9sheng ti\u0101nti\u0101n d\u014du l\u00e1i sh\u00e0ngk\u00e8.
\nThe students come to the lesson every day.<\/p>\n

The doubling of verbs <\/h2>\n

Even verbs can be doubled in Chinese. When doubled, the intensity of the action verb diminishes<\/strong>. <\/p>\n

The doubling of the verbs is used in the spoken language, with a casual and light tone, so much so that in the majority of cases, the double verb presents a neutral tone<\/a>.<\/p>\n

When the verb that we want to double is monosyllabic, we can adopt the rule:<\/p>\n

Verb + Verb<\/strong>\t<\/p>\n

\u5403\u5403 (ch\u012bch\u012b), which means “to eat”, and when doubled becomes: \u201ctaste \/ taste a little \/ have a bite.<\/p>\n

Verb + Number 1 + Verb<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u5403\u4e00\u5403 (ch\u012b y\u012b ch\u012b) (the meaning doesn’t change). <\/p>\n

Here are some other examples: <\/p>\n

\u95ee\u95ee \/ \u95ee\u4e00\u95ee\u3002
\nW\u00e8nwen \/ w\u00e8n y\u012b w\u00e8n.
\nTry to ask a little.<\/p>\n

\u8bd5\u8bd5 \/ \u8bd5\u4e00\u8bd5\u3002
\nSh\u00ecshi \/ sh\u00ecy\u012bsh\u00ec.
\nGo on, try a little \/ try it.<\/p>\n

\u542c\u542c \/ \u542c\u4e00\u542c\u3002
\nT\u012bngting \/ t\u012bng y\u012b t\u012bng.
\nListen a little. <\/p>\n

When we want to double a verb in the past, we need to insert the perfect particle \u4e86 (le) between the two verbs<\/a>, in place of number one \u4e00 (y\u012b). <\/p>\n

When the verb that we want to double has more than one syllable, we can use one of the two following rules:<\/p>\n

Verb (Character 1 + Character 2) + Verb (Character 1 + Character 2)<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u8ba8\u8bba\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002
\nT\u01ceol\u00f9n t\u01ceol\u00f9n.
\nTalk it over a little.\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\u6279\u8bc4\u6279\u8bc4\u3002
\nP\u012bp\u00edng p\u012bp\u00edng.
\nCriticize a little.<\/p>\n

\u8003\u8651\u8003\u8651\u3002
\nK\u01ceol\u01dc k\u01ceol\u01dc.
\nReflect a little.<\/p>\n

Or: <\/p>\n

Verb (Character 1 + Character 1 + Character 2)<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u7761\u7761\u89c9\u3002
\nShu\u00ec shu\u00ecji\u00e0o.
\nTake a nap.\t\t<\/p>\n

\u6d17\u6d17\u6fa1\u3002
\nX\u01d0 x\u01d0z\u01ceo.
\nGive it a wash.<\/p>\n

The doubling of predicative adjectives <\/h2>\n

Contrary to what takes place with verbs, when doubling predicative adjectives<\/a> you get an accentuation<\/strong> of their value.<\/p>\n

Here are some examples: <\/p>\n

\u7ea2\u7ea2\u7684\u82b1\u3002
\nH\u00f3ngh\u00f3ng de hu\u0101.
\nIntense red flowers.\t\t\t <\/p>\n

\u5706\u5706\u7684\u83b2\u82b1\u3002
\nYu\u00e1nyu\u00e1n de li\u00e1nhu\u0101.
\nPerfectly round lotus flowers. <\/p>\n

\u957f\u957f\u7684\u5934\u53d1\u3002
\nCh\u01cengch\u00e1ng de t\u00f3ufa.
\nReally long hair.\t\t\t<\/p>\n

\u5c0f\u5c0f\u7684\u5634\u3002
\nXi\u1ea1\u030coxi\u01ceo de zu\u01d0.
\nVery small mouth.<\/p>\n

There are only a few predicative adjectives with more than one syllable that allow for doubling. These are doubled with the AABB formula and are listed below:<\/p>\n

\u9ad8\u5174 (g\u0101ox\u00ecng) \u201chappy, content\u201d
\n\u9ad8\u9ad8\u5174\u5174 (g\u0101og\u0101o x\u00ecngx\u00ecng) \u201cvery happy\u201d<\/p>\n

\u75db\u5feb (t\u00f2ngkuai) \u201cjoyful, cheerful\u201d
\n\u75db\u75db\u5feb\u5feb (t\u00f2ngtong ku\u00e0iku\u00e0i) \u201callegrissimo\u201d<\/p>\n

\u6f02\u4eae (pi\u00e0oliang) \u201cbeautiful, noteworthy\u201d
\n\u6f02\u6f02\u4eae\u4eae (pi\u00e0opi\u00e0o li\u00e0ngli\u00e0ng) \u201cvery beautiful\u201d<\/p>\n

\u5e72\u51c0 (g\u0101nj\u00ecng) \u201cclean, orderly\u201d
\n\u5e72\u5e72\u51c0\u51c0 (g\u0101ng\u0101n j\u00ecngj\u00ecng) \u201cvery clean\u201d<\/p>\n

\u6574\u9f50 (zh\u011bngq\u00ed) \u201corderly, in place\u201d
\n\u6574\u6574\u9f50\u9f50 (zh\u011bngzh\u011bngq\u00edq\u00ed) \u201cvery orderly\u201d<\/p>\n

\u8ba4\u771f (r\u00e8nzh\u0113n) \u201cserious, diligent\u201d
\n\u8ba4\u8ba4\u771f\u771f (r\u00e8nr\u00e8n zh\u0113nzh\u0113n) \u201cvery diligent\u201d<\/p>\n

\u987a\u5229 (sh\u00f9nl\u00ec) \u201csmooth\u201d
\n\u987a\u987a\u5229\u5229 (sh\u00f9nsh\u00f9n l\u00ecl\u00ec) \u201creally smooth\u201d<\/p>\n

\u6e05\u695a (q\u012bngchu) \u201cclear, distinct\u201d
\n\u6e05\u6e05\u695a\u695a (q\u012bngqing ch\u1ee5\u030cch\u01d4) \u201cvery clear\u201d<\/p>\n

\u7b80\u5355 (ji\u01cend\u0101n) \u201ceasy, simple\u201d
\n\u7b80\u7b80\u5355\u5355 (ji\u01cenji\u01cen d\u0101nd\u0101n) \u201cvery simple\u201d<\/p>\n

\u70ed\u95f9 (r\u00e8nao) \u201cchaotic, noisy\u201d
\n\u70ed\u70ed\u95f9\u95f9 (r\u00e8re n\u00e0on\u00e0o) \u201creally noisy\u201d<\/p>\n

\u8212\u670d (sh\u016bfu) \u201ccomfortable\u201d
\n\u8212\u8212\u670d\u670d (sh\u016bshu fufu) \u201cvery comfortable\u201d<\/p>\n

\u5feb\u4e50 (ku\u00e0il\u00e8) \u201chappy, cheerful\u201d
\n\u5feb\u5feb\u4e50\u4e50 (ku\u00e0iku\u00e0i l\u00e8l\u00e8) \u201cvery happy\u201d<\/p>\n

Doubled adjectives can be used as adverbs followed by the particle \u5730 and a verb.<\/p>\n

Here are some examples: <\/p>\n

\u6162\u6162\u5730\u8d70\u3002
\nM\u00e0nm\u00e0n de z\u01d2u.
\nWalk very slowly.\t\t<\/p>\n

\u4ed6\u8212\u8212\u670d\u670d\u5730\u5750\u5728\u6c99\u53d1\u4e0a\u3002
\nT\u0101 sh\u016bshufufu de zu\u00f2 z\u00e0i sh\u0101f\u0101 sh\u00e0ng.
\nHe’s lounging on the sofa.<\/p>\n

\u5979\u7684\u8001\u5e08\u4ed4\u4ed4\u7ec6\u7ec6\u5730\u6539\u6b63\u8003\u8bd5\u3002
\nT\u0101 de l\u01ceosh\u012b z\u01d0z\u01d0x\u00ecx\u00ec de g\u01ceizh\u00e8ng k\u01ceosh\u00ec.
\nHer professor grades the tests diligiently. <\/p>\n

Photo Credits: \"Creative<\/a> Chinese calligrapher<\/a> by David Bot\u00e9 Estrada<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

In this article we’ll discuss the doubling of verbs, nouns and classifiers, are one of the most evident and common peculiarities of Chinese grammar. Besides, who’s never said \u201c\u4e00\u70b9\u70b9 (y\u012b\u0320di\u1ea1\u030cndi\u01cen)\u201d? Let’s start with classifiers to then move on to nouns, verbs and predicative adjectives. The doubling of classifiers The classifiers, which we’ve already covered in 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property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The doubling of classifiers, nouns, verbs and adjectives in the Chinese language\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Check out the rules for the doubling of classifiers, nouns, verbs and predicative adjectives in Chinese grammar\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.saporedicina.com\/english\/doubling-classifiers-nouns-verbs-adjectives-chinese\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Sapore di Cina\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/flavorofchina\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2017-01-19T09:00:46+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2022-02-03T11:03:38+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.saporedicina.com\/english\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/doubling-chinese.jpg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Armando Turturici\" 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Besides, who’s never said \u201c\u4e00\u70b9\u70b9 (y\u012b\u0320di\u1ea1\u030cndi\u01cen)\u201d? Let’s start with classifiers to then move on to nouns, verbs and predicative adjectives. The doubling of classifiers The classifiers, which we’ve already covered in…","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.saporedicina.com\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13094","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.saporedicina.com\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.saporedicina.com\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.saporedicina.com\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/31"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.saporedicina.com\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13094"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.saporedicina.com\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13094\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.saporedicina.com\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/13410"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.saporedicina.com\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13094"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.saporedicina.com\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=13094"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.saporedicina.com\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=13094"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}