{"id":12612,"date":"2016-12-13T02:00:41","date_gmt":"2016-12-13T01:00:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.saporedicina.com\/english\/?p=12612"},"modified":"2022-03-03T12:28:23","modified_gmt":"2022-03-03T11:28:23","slug":"use-particle-chinese-grammar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.saporedicina.com\/english\/use-particle-chinese-grammar\/","title":{"rendered":"The use of the particle \u4e86 (le) in Chinese grammar"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.saporedicina.com\/english\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/use-le-chinese-grammar.jpg\" title=\"Particle \u4e86 in the Chinese grammar\" alt=\"Particle \u4e86 in the Chinese grammar\" width=\"700\" height=\"376\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-12650\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Cong zi wu bi, zhi shi, \u4ece\u5b50\u65e0\u81c2\uff0c\u6307\u4e8b (From the character \u201cbaby\u201d without arms, an abstract symbol)<\/p>\n<p>According to many students of the Chinese language, the particle <em>le<\/em> (\u4e86) is among the most difficult Chinese grammatical particles to master. \u4e86is not an element to represent the past tense (like many think); it is a particle that does not have a meaning or a concrete term. In structural terms, \u4e86 can show up in two different positions within a phrase.<\/p>\n<h2>When \u4e86represents the action expressed by the verb as a realized event<\/h2>\n<p>\u4e86can be found right after a verb. In this position, \u4e86 indicates the perfect aspect of the verb, or represents the action expressed by the verb as a realized event; the realized event can be situated in the  <strong>past<\/strong> or in the <strong>future<\/strong>. If the verb in question is the main one of the phrase, it means that the action was realized in the past.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Past<\/strong><br \/>\n\u4ed6\u770b\u4e86\u4e00\u672c\u4e66\u3002<br \/>\nT\u0101 k\u00e0n le y\u012b b\u011bn sh\u016b.<br \/>\nHe read a book.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Future<\/strong><br \/>\n\u5230\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u7ed9\u6211\u5199\u4e00\u5c01\u4fe1\u3002<br \/>\nD\u00e0o le Zh\u014dnggu\u00f3, g\u011bi w\u01d2 xi\u011b y\u012b f\u0113ng x\u00ecn.<br \/>\nOnce you arrive in China, write me a letter.<\/p>\n<h2>When \u4e86represents a change of situation<\/h2>\n<p><strong><!--more--><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u4e86 placed at the end of a phrase indicates a change of situation or a new condition. In this case,\u4e86 becomes a <strong>modal particle<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0b\u96e8\u4e86\u3002<br \/>\nXi\u00e0 y\u01d4 le.<\/p>\n<p>It began to rain (the particle \u4e86 implies that it wasn&#8217;t raining before and at the moment of the wording it is). <\/p>\n<p>Here are some other examples: <\/p>\n<p>\u4ed6\u7626\u4e86\u3002<br \/>\nT\u0101 sh\u00f2u le.<br \/>\nHe lost weight.\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<p>\u8f66\u6765\u4e86\u3002<br \/>\nCh\u0113 l\u00e1i le.\t\t.<br \/>\nThe bus came.\t\t\t<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e0d\u8ddf\u4ed6\u8bf4\u8bdd\u4e86\u3002<br \/>\nW\u01d2 ju\u00e9d\u00ecng b\u00f9 g\u0113n t\u0101 shu\u014dhu\u00e0 le.<br \/>\nI decided not to speak to him anymore.         <\/p>\n<p>\u522b\u54ed\u4e86\u3002<br \/>\nBi\u00e9 k\u016b le.<br \/>\nDon&#8217;t cry anymore.<\/p>\n<h2>When \u4e86expresses the meaning \u201calready\/by now\u201d<\/h2>\n<p>The particle \u4e86 can be used with adverbs such as y\u01d0jing (\u5df2\u7ecf) and d\u014du (\u90fd) (when this last one is used with value of &#8220;already\/by now&#8221;) to express a phrase that implies the meaning of \u201c<strong>already\/by now<\/strong>\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>\u90fd\u4e5d\u70b9\u4e86\u3002<br \/>\nD\u014du ji\u01d4 di\u01cen le.<br \/>\nIt&#8217;s already 9.\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000  <\/p>\n<p>\u4ed6\u5b66\u4e2d\u6587\u5df2\u7ecf\u56db\u5e74\u4e86<br \/>\nT\u0101 xu\u00e9 zh\u014dngw\u00e9n y\u01d0jing s\u00ec ni\u00e1n le.<br \/>\n\tHe&#8217;s been learning Chinese for four years already.<\/p>\n<p>Note that the adverbs y\u01d0jing (\u5df2\u7ecf) and d\u014du(\u90fd)  when used with the value of &#8220;already\/by now&#8221;, can be omitted without affecting the meaning of the phrase.<\/p>\n<p>\u4ed6\u4e03\u5341\u5c81\u4e86<br \/>\nT\u0101 q\u012b sh\u00ed su\u00ec le.<br \/>\nHe&#8217;s already seven years old.<\/p>\n<h2>When \u4e86 is used in a subordinate sentence and jiu (\u5c31) in the principal one<\/h2>\n<p>When the verb followed by the perfect particle \u4e86 is found in a <strong>subordinate<\/strong> sentence \u2013 which depends on the principal one \u2013 one can derive that the there is an existing relationship between the action expressed in the subordinate sentence and that which is expressed in the main sentence. When the second action takes place immediately after the completion of the first, the particle \u4e86 is used to indicate its completion.<\/p>\n<p>In the principal phrase you&#8217;ll find the adverb (\u5c31) \u201cthen\u201d to underscore the consequence between the two actions. Ji\u00f9 (\u5c31) also implies a certain immediacy.  <\/p>\n<p>\u770b\u4e86\u4e66\uff0c\u5979\u5c31\u53bb\u7761\u89c9\u3002<br \/>\nK\u00e0n le sh\u016b, t\u0101 ji\u00f9 q\u00f9 shu\u00ecji\u00e0o.<br \/>\nAfter having read, she goes to sleep.              <\/p>\n<p>\u770b\u4e86\u4e66\uff0c\u5979\u5c31\u53bb\u7761\u89c9\u4e86\u3002<br \/>\nK\u00e0n le sh\u016b, t\u0101 ji\u00f9 q\u00f9 shu\u00ecji\u00e0o le.<br \/>\n After having read, she went to sleep.<\/p>\n<p>\u4ed6\u5403\u4e86\u996d\u5c31\u8d70\u3002<br \/>\nT\u0101 ch\u012b le f\u00e0n ji\u00f9 z\u01d2u.<br \/>\nAfter eating, he&#8217;ll go.                       <\/p>\n<p>\u4ed6\u5403\u4e86\u996d\u5c31\u8d70\u4e86\u3002<br \/>\nT\u0101 ch\u012b le f\u00e0n ji\u00f9 z\u01d2u le.<br \/>\nAfter eating, he went.<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u5988\u5988\u5403\u4e86\u996d\u5c31\u5403\u836f\u3002<br \/>\nW\u01d2 m\u0101ma ch\u012b le f\u00e0n ji\u00f9 ch\u012b y\u00e0o.<br \/>\nMy mother eats and then takes her medicine.<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u5988\u5988\u5403\u4e86\u996d\u5c31\u5403\u836f\u4e86\u3002<br \/>\nW\u01d2 m\u0101ma ch\u012b le f\u00e0n ji\u00f9 ch\u012b y\u00e0o le.<br \/>\n My mother ate and then took her medicine.<\/p>\n<p>The construction with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.saporedicina.com\/english\/adverbs-zhi-jiu-cai-chinese\/\" >ji\u00f9 \u5c31<\/a>  can also refer to the <strong>future<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>\u4ed6\u4eec\u660e\u5929\u5b66\u4e86\u4e2d\u6587\u5c31\u53bb\u73a9\u3002<br \/>\nT\u0101men m\u00edngti\u0101n xu\u00e9 le zh\u014dngw\u00e9n ji\u00f9 q\u00f9 w\u00e1n.<br \/>\nTomorrow, after studying Chinese, they&#8217;ll go have a good time.<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u540e\u5929\u770b\u4e86\u6bd4\u8d5b\u5c31\u5230\u9910\u5385\u53bb\u5403\u996d\u3002<br \/>\nW\u01d2 h\u00f2uti\u0101n k\u00e0n le b\u01d0s\u00e0i ji\u00f9 d\u00e0o c\u0101nt\u012bng q\u00f9 ch\u012b f\u00e0n.<br \/>\nAfter tomorrow, after watching the race I&#8217;ll go eat at the restaurant.<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u660e\u5929\u505a\u4e86\u7ec3\u4e60\u5c31\u53bb\u6253\u7bee\u7403\u3002<br \/>\nW\u01d2 m\u00edngti\u0101n zu\u00f2 le li\u00e0nx\u00ed ji\u00f9 q\u00f9 d\u01ce l\u00e1nqi\u00fa.<br \/>\nTomorrow, after doing the exercises, I&#8217;ll go play basketball.<\/p>\n<h2>The imminence of the action<\/h2>\n<p>There are particular constructions that allow for the expression of imminent action, or something that is about to happen:<\/p>\n<p>\u5c31\u8981 (ji\u00f9 y\u00e0o) +  VERB + \u4e86<br \/>\n\u5feb\u8981 (ku\u00e0i y\u00e0o) + VERB +\u4e86<br \/>\n\u8981 (y\u00e0o) + VERB + \u4e86<br \/>\n\u5feb (ku\u00e0i) + VERB \u4e86<\/p>\n<p>Here are some examples: <\/p>\n<p>\u706b\u8f66\u5c31\u8981\u51fa\u53d1\u4e86\u3002<br \/>\nHu\u01d2 ch\u0113 ji\u00f9 y\u00e0o ch\u016bf\u0101 le.<br \/>\nThe train is about to leave.\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<p>\u5feb\u8981\u4e0b\u96e8\u4e86\u3002<br \/>\nKu\u00e0i y\u00e0o xi\u00e0 y\u01d4 le.<br \/>\nIt&#8217;s about to rain.<\/p>\n<p>\u4ed6\u5feb\u8981\u5403\u996d\u4e86\u3002<br \/>\nT\u0101 ku\u00e0i y\u00e0o ch\u012b f\u00e0n le.<br \/>\nHe&#8217;s about to eat.\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<p>\u5c31\u8981\u4e0b\u96ea\u4e86\u3002<br \/>\nJi\u00f9 y\u00e0o xi\u00e0 xu\u011b le.<br \/>\nIt&#8217;s about to snow.\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<p>\u8981\u653e\u5047\u4e86\u3002<br \/>\nY\u00e0o f\u00e0ngji\u00e0 le.<br \/>\nThe vacations are about to arrive.<\/p>\n<p>\u5723\u8bde\u8282\u5feb\u5230\u4e86\u3002<br \/>\nSh\u00e8ng d\u00e0n ji\u00e9 ku\u00e0i d\u00e0o le.<br \/>\nChristmas is about to arrive. \t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<p>\u5c0f\u5b69\u5b50\u4eec\u8981\u54ed\u4e86\u3002<br \/>\nXi\u01ceo h\u00e1izi men y\u00e0o k\u016b le.<br \/>\nThe babies are about to cry.<\/p>\n<h2>When the action took place in the past<\/h2>\n<p>When one indicates an action that took place in the past, we must use m\u00e9i (\u6ca1),  without the particle \u4e86, as you saw in the examples above. M\u00e9i (\u6ca1)  is, moreover, the only adverb that can negate the verb y\u01d2u (\u6709)  \u201cto have\/to be there\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u6ca1\u6709\u4e66\u3002<br \/>\nZ\u00e0i zh\u00e8l\u01d0 m\u00e9i y\u01d2u sh\u016b.<br \/>\nThere are no books here. \t\t\t<\/p>\n<p>\u4ed6\u6ca1\u6709\u94b1\u3002<br \/>\nT\u0101 m\u00e9i y\u00f3u qi\u00e1n.<br \/>\nHe doesn&#8217;t have any money.<\/p>\n<p>When y\u01d2u (\u6709) is negated by m\u00e9i (\u6ca1) , assuming the value of &#8220;not to have\/not to be there&#8221;, you can omit y\u01d2u\u6709.<\/p>\n<p>\u4ed6\u6ca1\u94b1\u3002<br \/>\nT\u0101 m\u00e9i qi\u00e1n.<br \/>\nHe doesn&#8217;t have any money.\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<p>\u4ed6\u6ca1\u94b1\u4e86\u3002<br \/>\nT\u0101 m\u00e9i qi\u00e1n le.<br \/>\nHe no longer has any money.<\/p>\n<h2>Curiosity<\/h2>\n<p>According to some scholars, the particle \u4e86 comes from the character liao (\u4e86) which means \u201cto end, conclude\u201d and the two syllable word liao jie (\u4e86\u7ed3), which means, to the point, \u201cto bring to an end, to conclude, to finish\u201d but also \u201cto be deceased\u201d. <\/p>\n<p>Although these characters (with this function) are now considered archaic, it is worth mentioning them since, most likely, it is from these ancient meanings that we get the current function of \u4e86: the mark of the perfect aspect of the verb, that is the realized aspect (and for which <strong>is ended<\/strong>) of the verb.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"credits\">Photo Credits: <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/2.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.saporedicina.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/icon\/cc.png\" alt=\"Creative Commons License\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\"\/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/ilamont\/4328610031\/in\/photolist-7AvfXr-GTeq2v-fvCjJE-fvkSp8-gcM7gs-fvue3g-hcCf3Y-n1R5cr-GQcQay-pWfpN2-74wuwa-jhaQQU-E41e3Z-nxvofT-fvMQmj-fvymjb-cVfH4u-fThSdt-kyt8VA-GTep86-hAj7CN-djY1Fy-9mq6vn-qsQUJ8-bz6Zvc-gcM7dS-nYRgdN-cQKPFJ-8Pvzdh-cQKYJY-95njC3-dyvgm6-9zbqXi-n6n5AP-m6oMb2-6FiHWF-dEbHpx-fvymmm-Zj6yo8-46EE3s-fTfuPj-odne4W-gevw4z-fFW1R5-fvue1r-fvymhC-9zcRgT-YXxZvC-fAHYxr-fvudXa\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Chinese character dictionary<\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/ilamont\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Ian Lamont<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Cong zi wu bi, zhi shi, \u4ece\u5b50\u65e0\u81c2\uff0c\u6307\u4e8b (From the character \u201cbaby\u201d without arms, an abstract symbol) According to many students of the Chinese language, the particle le (\u4e86) is among the most difficult Chinese grammatical particles to master. \u4e86is not an element to represent the past tense (like many think); it is a particle that [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":31,"featured_media":14607,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[390,66],"class_list":["post-12612","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-learning-chinese","tag-learn-chinese-sidebar","tag-learn-chinese"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>The use of the particle \u4e86 (le) in Chinese grammar<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Click here to learn about all the uses of particle \u4e86 in Chinese grammar\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.saporedicina.com\/english\/use-particle-chinese-grammar\/\" \/>\n<meta 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